Dear patients, here we have put together some interesting medical information and useful tools for you at a glance.
You don’t need to search on internet but soon will find all here on one website.
Convenient temperature, height and weight converters
Medical calculaters for assessing weight, lipid metabolism disorders, liver diseases and anemia
A list of the most important blood work values with the Italian name, the reference range,
meaning and interpretation of increased and decreased values
The Italian commercial names of commonly used medications plus drug handout with useful information about the drug
For expectant mothers and parents
Drugs during pregnancy and breast feeding
Children’s dosages of the commonly prescribed drugs
Vaccination calendars
For travelers
Information about the most common travel vaccinations
CONVERTERS
CALCULATORS
REFERENCE VALUES
|
Below 18.5 |
Between 18.5 and 24.9 |
Between 25 and 29.9 |
Between 30 and 34.9 |
Between 35 and 39.9 |
40 and above |
|
Underweight |
Normal Weight |
Overweight |
Obesity Class I |
Obesity Class II |
Obesity Class III |
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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is an index value calculated from height and weight (BMI= weight (kg)/height (m))
Its is used to evaluate the level of overweight or obesity and to estimate the cardiovascular risk.
Below 18.5: Underweight.
18.5 – 24.9: Normal weight.
25.0 – 29.9: Overweight – Pre-obesity: Elevated risk for developement of new health problems or aggravation of pre-existing health disorders.
30.0 – 34.9: Overweight – obesity grade I: Elevated risk for developement of new health problems or aggravation of pre-existing health disorders.
35.0 – 39.9: Overweight – obesity grade II: Elevated risk for developement of new health problems or aggravation of pre-existing health disorders.
Over 40: Extreme overweight – obesity grade III (Adipositas permagna): The higher the BMI is, the higher is the risk for development of new health problems or aggravation of preexisting pathologies. The most common obesitz related health problems are cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus type II, osteoarthritis and cancer. The therapy consists in first place of nutritional therapy, exercise and behavioral therapy. Pharmacological therapy and in some cases a surgical treatment can be necessary.
The BMI should always be seen together with the clinical conditions of the patients. It is important to note that patients with a large muscle mass can have a high BMI value without being actually overweight or obese!
REFERENCE VALUES
|
Total Cholesterol |
HDL Cholesterol |
LDL Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
|
Desirable: Less than 200 mg/dL |
Optimal: 60 mg/dL and above |
Optimal: Less than 100 mg/dL |
Normal: Less than 150 mg/dL |
|
LDL Cholesterol / HDL Cholesterol ratio |
Triglyceride / HDL Cholesterol ratio |
Total Cholesterol / HDL Cholesterol ratio |
|
Ideal: below 2.0 |
Ideal: 2.0 or less |
Ideal: under 3.5 |
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LIPID PANEL
Lipid panel, or lipid profile is a standard blood test to assess a person’s general health conditions and a possible risk for cardio-vascular complications. The lipid panel includes the total cholesterol, HDL(high density lipoprotein) cholesterol, LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and the triglycerides. VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol can’t be measured directly. It’s value can be calculated through the triglycerides as VLDL makes around 5 % of the triglycerides value.
Cholesterol is a lipid (fat-like substance) that is synthesized in the liver or ingested with food. It is highly lipophilic and not soluble in blood, lymph or bile and must therefore be packaged in micelles or transportet ligated to lipoproteins. The synthesized and ingested cholesterol is transported to the target tissues ligated to VLDL or LDL. The reverse transport back to the liver takes place ligated to HDL.
Cholesterol is needed to synthesize vitamine D, various hormones and bile acids (necessary for the digestion). Our brain needs cholesterol for a proper performance, too.
An increase in cholesterol does not cause any symptoms. Symptoms only appear as a result of the subsequent damage. Too much cholesterol is deposited in the blood vessels, reduces their elasticity and can block the vessels. The resulting circulatory problems can lead to angina pectoris, heart attack and stroke. The causes for an increased cholesterol are: unhealthy lifestyle with a diet high in fat and sugar, lack of exercise, obesity, kidney dysfunction, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, medication (steroids). Cholesterol can also be elevated for genetic reasons despite a healthy diet and sufficient exercise. In woman after menopause cholesterol levels tend to rise.
Too low cholesterol levels can also lead to health problems. It can lead to behavioral and personality disorders such as aggressiveness and depression. Memory loss and dementia can occur. Too low cholesterol increases the risk of cancer and the susceptibility to infections and is associated with a shorter life expectancy.
Total Cholesterol: total amount of cholesterol including all types of cholesterol. However, it does not provide sufficient information about someone’s cardiovascular risk and other cholesterol related disorders.
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL Cholesterol): The lipid panel doesn’t measure the high- or low density lipoprotein which ligates the cholesterol for the transport but the amount of cholesterol ligated to the lipoprotein. HDL-C is often called the “good”cholesterol. HDL is responsible for the binding and return transport of about one-third to one-fourth of free cholesterol back to the liver. A person’s HDL Cholesterol should ideally be higher than 60 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) or at least 40 mg/dl. Reduced HDL Cholesterol levels or an increased Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol ratio are considered risk factors for the developement of arteriosclerosis. However, higher HDL Cholesterollevels are not automatically associated with a lower risk of arteriosclerosis.
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL Cholesterol): LDL Cholesterol is often called the “bad” cholesterol. LDL Cholesterol transports free cholesterol from the liver to the target tissue/ organs. An elevated LDL Cholesterol level increases the risk for cardiovascular complications. LDL Cholesterol levels should be less than 130 mg/dl but ideally less than 100 mg/dl, according to the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC).
Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL Cholesterol): VLDL Cholesterol can’t be measured directly. It’s level can be calculated through the triglycerides as VLDL Cholesterol transports mainly triglycerides and only around 5 % of cholesterol. Therefore it makes around 5 % of the triglycerides level. VLDL cholesterol levels should be less than 30 mg/dl. It also increases the cardiovascular risk.
Triglycerides: Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body. They store excess energy from a person’s diet. High triglyceride levels in combination with high LDL Cholesterol or low HDL Cholesterol increase the risk for cardiovascular complications. Higher triglyceride levels are also associated with an increased the risk for a pancreatitis and together with borderline sugar levels an increased risk for developement of diabetes mellitus type II. Triglycerides should ideally be less than 150 mg/dl or at least less than 200 mg/dl.
TOTAL CHOLESTEROL CALCULATOR
Total Cholesterol measures how much cholesterol is in a person’s blood overall. This measurement includes all types of cholesterol, including HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides.
CHOLESTEROL RATIOS CALCULATOR
Cholesterol ratios are different formulas doctors can apply to the results of blood tests. They can help calculate a person’s risk of cardiovascular diseases.
This cholesterol ratio calculator allows you to perform a quick self-assessment. Based on your blood test results, it calculates the mostly used cholesterol indicators (LDL Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides/HDL Cholesterol and Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol ratio), making it easy to assess cardiovascular risks and your general state of health.
LDL CHOLESTEROL CALCULATOR
Calculates the concentration of LDL Cholesterol in plasma from the measured values of Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides using the formula developed by W.T. Friedewald, R.I. Levy, and D.S. Fredrickson in 1972: LDL Cholesterol = Total Cholesterol – HDL Cholesterol – 0,2 * Triglycerides.
CHOLESTEROL UNITS CONVERTER
This calculator converts cholesterol units from the popularly used mg/dL to the SI units mmol/L. It works for total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL Cholesterol), low-density lipoproteins cholesterol(LDL Cholesterol), and triglycerides.
The typical measurement units for cholesterol levels is milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) is the standard medical unit for measuring concentrations of substances in the blood.
Various publications use either one or the other unit, and it can be confusing to understand the guidelines. Our cholesterol units converter is here to help you.
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Liver values and liver diseases
Liver values are measured to assess liver function or if a liver disease is suspected. What is measured are the liver enzymes. Enzymes are catalysts that support the conversion of a substrate without being changed themselves during the chemical reaction. Liver enzymes are necessary for the metabolic functions of the liver. When liver cells are damaged, liver enzymes appear in increased amounts in the blood serum. Depending on which enzymes are elevated, one can determine the type of liver disease. The extent of the enzyme increase in the serum corresponds to the extent of the damage to the liver cells. Damage to the liver cells can be caused by alcohol, medication, poisoning, viral infections (hepatitis) or tumors. All liver enzymes are also found in other body cells, e.g.. in the heart and sceletal muscle cells. In a heart attack or destruction of muscle cells, an increase in liver enzymes in the blood serum can occur, too, without that there is any liver damage.
Liver enzymes often measured are:
ALT (or ALAT): alanineaminotransferase (previously GPT glutamate-pyruvate transaminase)
AST (or ASAT): aspartat aminotransferase (previously GOT glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase)
GLDH: glutamate dehydrogenase
Gamma-GT: gamma-glutamyltransferase
AP: alkaline phosphatase
AST and ALT
AST and ALT are aminotransferases, enzymes that transfer an amino group from a donor molecule to a recipient molecule (that’s why they are called amino-transferases). They are found in many tissue cells such as heart and skeletal muscle cells. However they occur in the highest concentration in the liver (10 times higher compared to heart or sceletal muscle cells), which is why they are used to diagnose liver diseases.
Glutamat dehydrogenase (GLDH)
Glutamate dehydrogenase is also an enzyme that occurs predominantly in the motochondria of the liver cells. It is used to differentiate liver diseases.
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Gamma-glutamyltransferase is also an enzyme found in the liver and other organs. It is the most sensititive parameter for all types of hepatobiliary diseases (diseases affecting the liver and gallbladder). In contrast to the other liver values, GGT increases even with mild liver damage. The highest increases are found when the bile ducts in or after the liver are blocked. An increase in GGT also occurs when taking medication or drinking alcohol. There is also a connection between the GGT level and cardiovascular risk, which is related to the GGT in the atherosclerotic deposits in the blood vessels.
Alkaline phosphatase AP
Alkaline phosphatase are a group of enzymes that are primarily used to diagnose diseases of the biliary tract, liver and bones.
Clinical meaning of liver enzymes measurement
Mild liver damage: increase in GGT
Moderate liver damage: increase of ALT and AST
Severe liver damage: increase in GLDH and AST
Increase in AP: Diseases of the biliary tract, liver and bones
AST (GOT) / ALT (GPT) Ratio (De Ritis ratio)
The AST (GOT) / ALT (GPT) ratio, also called De Ritis ratio, is used in liver diagnostics to assess the extend of liver cell damage. The reference range is 0.6 – 0.8. In case of an increase above the reference range , we can say that a ratio under 1 indicates minor liver damage, and a ratio over 1 indicates a severe liver damage (chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis).
The De Ritis ratio can also be increased in case of heart or skeletal muscle damage (e.g. acute heart attack). If liver damage is caused by alcohol, it can also be increased over 1 without a corresponding severe liver damage. Attention!: If the liver values are within the normal range, the De Ritis ration is not meaningful.
| 0,6 – 0,8 | 0,8 – 1,0 | >1 |
| No liver damage | Slight to moderate liver damage | Severe liver damage |
(AST (GOT) + ALT (GPT)) / GLDH ratio
For the calculation are used the serum concentrations of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH). The higher the ratio, the more likely acute hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) is. The lower the ratio, the more likely cholestasis (backup of bile in the bile ducts) inside or outside the liver is.
| <20 | 20 -50 | >50 |
| Mechanical jaundice (due to mechanical obstruction of the outflow of bile), primary biliary cirrhosis (liver disease originating in the bile ducts), toxic and hypoxic liver damage, e.g. in acute right heart failure. |
Acute attack of chronic hepatitis, mechanical jaundice (see above). | Acute viral hepatitis, acute alcoholic hepatitis. |
LDH / AST (GOT) ratio
The LDH (lactatdehydrogenase) / AST (GOT) ratio is used to distinguish between different liver diseases in jaundice. Jaundice is the yellowing of skin and eyeballs caused by an excess of bilirubin.
The cause can be a problem before, in or after the liver. An excess of bilirubin can occur in the liver, for example due to a massive decline of red blood cells. Jaundice can occure within the liver if the bilirubin is not sufficiently absorbed and processed by the liver cells. Behind the liver, jaundice can occur due to a blockage in the flow of bile.
| >12 | <12 |
| Hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) | Liver or biliary tract disease |
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PSA AND DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE
PSA is the abbreviation for the prostate-specific antigen. It is a protein produced in the cells of the prostate.
It is measured with a blood test
• as a tumor marker in the prostate cancer screening,
• for the tumor staging (assessment of the extend of the tumor disease and determination of the tumor stage for planning the therapy)
• as part of the therapy control and
• in the tumor aftercare
PSA should be measured from the age of 45 as part of cancer prevention. In men with a positive family history for prostate cancer, PSA can be measured as early as the age of 40.
Reference range of PSA:
| 40 to 49 years | < 2,5 ng/ml(ug/l) |
| 50 to 59 years | < 3,5 ng/ml(ug/l) |
| 60 to 69 years | < 4,5 ng/ml(ug/l) |
| 70 to 79 years | < 6,5 ng/ml(ug/l) |
Between 4 and 10 ng/ml (ug/l) is the borderline zone. Values may vary from lab to lab depending on the method. Therefore, the laboratory reference value should be always applied.
An increase in total PSA almost always indicates prostate disease. However, it does not always have to mean prostate cancer. The PSA is also elevated in benign prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia), prostate inflammation or prostatic infarction (very rare event with damage of the prostate tissue due to interruption of the perfusion).
The PSA can also be temporarily elevated after mechanical manipulation during a digital rectal examination. But then it turns normal during the control measurement.
However, an increase in the total PSA does not allow conclusions to be drawn about a benign or malignat etiology.
The quotient of free PSA and total PSA provides more information about this.
PSA exists in free and bound form. Both together are measured as total PSA. Determining the percentage of free PSA in total PSA allows the distinction between benign enlargement of the prostate and prostate inflammation and prostate cancer. The free PSA/ total PSA ration is given as percentage.
| < 15% | Suspected prostate cancer. Further investigation (biopsy) necessary. |
| 15%-20% | Borderline. Follow-up monitoring recommended. |
| > 20% | Prostate cancer unlikely. Usually benign changes of the prostate. |
Disclaimer: The calculator doesn’t allow to confirm or exclude any prostate disease. The correct (suspected) diagnosis can only be done by a doctor. (calcolatrice)
DISCLAIMER: we try our best to make our calculators as precise and reliable as possible. However, these tools can never replace a professional doctor’s assessment. If you have questions or doubts about your health conditions always ask the doctor.
BLOOD WORK VALUES
Laboratory values with Italian translation, reference values, their meaning and possible health disorders
The reference values (normal range) given here are the generally valid reference values. We have put them together for you for general guidance. Since the reference values depend, among other things, on the analysis method, they can vary slightly from laboratory to laboratory. The reference values of the laboratory that carried out the analysis always apply. The suspected diagnoses listed here do not serve as self-diagnosis. They can only be made by the doctor together with the clinical conditions of the patient.
| Value | Italian | Group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Italian | Group | Ref. range | Male | Female | Unit | Meaning | Increase | Decrease |
| Natrium | Sodio | Electrolyte | 135-148 | mmol/l | Electrolyte | Pathologies: diabetes insipidus, increased blood sugar, fever, adrenal disease. | Symptoms: acute vomiting, seizures, somnolence / coma. Chronic: lack of strength, gait disturbance with a tendency to fall, slight cognitive impairments. | ||
| Kalium/Potassium | Potassio | Electrolyte | 3,6-5,2 | mmol/l | Electrolyte | Numerous symptoms are possible, e.g. diarrhea, paresthesias, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, confusion. | Fatigue and muscle weakness | ||
| Calcium | Calcio | Electrolyte | 2,20-2,65 | mmol/l | Electrolyte | Most common: hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid gland), also tumors like breast and lung cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, caused by taking certain medications: lithium, theophylline. | Causes: insuffiient exposure to sunlight, diet, kidney disease (renal insufficiency, kidney stones), malabsorption, alcohol abuse, liver disease, after thyroid/parathyroid surgery, cataracts, some drugs: diuretics, phenytoin. Symptoms of acute decrease: spasm of larynx, tetany, abnormal sensations, seizures, palpitations. Chronic dicrease: lethargy, difficulty to concentrate, anxiety, dry skin, itching, brittle nails, hair loss, visual problems (cataracts), muscle weakness, abnormal sensations, shortness of breath, palpitations, syncope (sudden loss of consciousness). | ||
| Chloride | Cloruro | Electrolyte | 95-110 | mmol/l | Electrolyte | Causes: kidney disease, hyperacidity of the blood, reduced aldosterone production in the adrenal gland, diarrhea. | Causes: Vomiting, feeding tube, adrenal hyperactivity, Cushing's syndrome, certain medications: chlorothiazide, furosemide. | ||
| Magnesium | Magnesio | Electrolyte | 0,7-1,1 | mmol/l | Electrolyte | Cause: Excessive intake, after severe kidney disease, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, insufficiency of the pararhyroid glands. Symptoms: only appear from values >2 mmol/l and can become dangerous: relaxation of the muscles up to paralysis, in severe cases also of the respiratory muscles, drop of blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmiass up to cardiac arrest. Therefore mind excessive intake of supplements. | Causes: increased loss through swaet, urine or stool, insufficient intake. Symptoms: Dizziness, muscle twitching , leg cramps, cramps in the chewing muscles, cardiac arrhythmias (palpitations and racing heart), inner restlessness, headaches, depressive mood, numbness in the hands and feet, circulatory problems. In pregnant women: nausea, vomiting, water retention, high blood pressure, contractions. | ||
| Phosphat | Fosfato | Electrolyte | 0,84-1,45 | mmol/l | Electrolyte | Occurs in cases of hypoparathyroidism, pseudo-parathyroid hypoactivity, too much vitamin D, bone tumors or metastases, chemotherapy (due of the disintegration of tumor cells), renal isufficiency, lactic acidosis (acidificationof the blood), therapy with bisphosphonates, acromegaly (enlarged nose, fingers, toes, chin and zygomatic arch) or gigantism if before completion of the length growth) due to overproduction of growth factor, hemolysis (dissolution of red blood cells). | Occurs in vitamin D deficiency (rachitis), primary and secondary hyperthyroidism, loss of phosphate through. | ||
| Fasting glucose | Glicemia | Sugar / Diabetes Mellitus | 70-100 | mg/dl | Blood sugar | In Diabetes Mellitus I and II, pre-diabetes, Cushing's syndrome (under steroid treatment), traumatic brain injury, general stress reaction. | Occurs in insulinoma (benign tumor that produces insulin), nesidioblastosis (a disease of the pancreatic cells that leads to an excess of insulin with the following hypoglycemia), tumors, autoimmune insulin syndrome, antibodies against insulin receptors, medications: pentamidine, quinine , quinidine, condition after stomach removal, end-stage renal failure, metabolic disorders (pituitary insufficiency, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, anorexia, self-administration of diabetes medication, in the context of congenital metabolic diseases. Symptoms: trembling, sweating, palpitations, palpitations, cravings, paleness, with increasing severity : Drowsiness, confusion, speech problems, visual disturbances, abnormal sensations, unusual behavior up to psychosis/delirium, paralysis, seizures, unconsciousness up to coma | ||
| HbA1c | Emoglobina glicata | Sugar / Diabetes Mellitus | 4,2 - 6,2 | % | Glycated hemoglobin. Measured to control blood sugar levels under diabetes therapy. Shows the blood sugar situation over the last 4-12 weeks. | In case of untreated or inadequately treated diabetes mellitus. Note: Falsely high values are possible during pregnancy and breat feeding and in case of kidney dysfunction. | If insulin is used excessively in diabetes therapy. Can lead to hypoglycemia, visual disturbances and kidney dysfunction. | ||
| Total protein | Proteine totali | Proteinelectrophoresis | 6,6-8,3 | g/dl | Total protein. | In chronic infections and some cancer types (lymphomas). Relative increase in severe dehydration. Note: The reference values for total protein vary from laboratory to laboratory. In addition, deviations from the standard value due to fluctuations depending on time of the day and season are possible without any pathologic meaning. | In cancer, severe liver inflammation or chronic hunger. In protein loss due to kidney dysfunction, interstinal diseases and burns. | ||
| Urea | Urea | Kidney function | 10-55 | mg/dl | Generated from degradation of proteins. | In renal dysfunction. Symptoms can be: fatigue, headache, fever, increased or decreased urination, possibly with pain. | Increased production of proteins in late pregnancy or childhood, in liver damage, reduced protein intake. | ||
| Creatinin | Creatinina | Kidney function | 0,9-1,4 | 0,8-1,2 | mg/dl | Metabolic product of creatine from the muscles. | Underactive kidneys, muscle injuries, inflammation of the muscles or skin. Therfore also after exercise, seizures, intramuscular injections (vaccinations), allergic reaction to medications or contrast agents, poisons, haevy metals, hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), myolisis (desctruction of muscle cells), multiple myeloma, vascular occlusion in the kidneys (thromboembolism of the renal vessels). | Underweight, muscle atrophy, pregnancy, in degenerative muscle diseases that are characterized by increased breakdown of muscle cells. | |
| Creatinine clearance | Clearance della creatinina | Kidney function | 95-160 | 98-156 | ml/min | Measure for clarification and detoxification capacity of the kidneys. | In the early stage of diabetes mellitus and during pregnancy. | Kidney insufficiency. | |
| Uric acid | Acido urico | Metablism, Kidney function | 3,5-7,0 | 2,5-5,7 | mg/dl | Acid, final degradation product of purine nucleotides, excreted through swat and saliva. | Primary: hyperuricemia due to a congenital disorder of protein metabolism. Secondary: Increase in uric acid formation due to increased purine release (polycythemia vera, leukemia, tumor treatment with cytostatics (chemo therapy). Increase in uric acid formations due to increased purine synthesis (glycogen storage disease I). Reduction in renal uric acid excretion (Bartter syndrome, kidney diseases, ketoacidosis, diuretics). | Rarely! When taking certain medications, in Fanconi syndrome (impairment of the absorption of uric acid and glucose in the kidney tubules), in liver diseases. | |
| Triglycerides | Trigliceridi | Fat metabolism / Cardiovascolar risk | 150-200 | mg/dl | Fat metabolism: molecule in which glycerin is esterified with three fatty acids. | Due to an unhealthy lifestyle with a diet rich of sugar and fat and lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic metabolic dieseases (diabetes mellitus, Cushing), chronic kidney dysfunction, during pregnancy, when taking certain medications such as beta blockers for high blood pressure or corticosteroids. Resulting pathology: gout. | In malnutriotion and thyroid overfunction. | ||
| Total cholesterol | Colesterolo totale | Fat metabolism / Cardiovascolar risk | 140-200 | mg/dl | Fat metabolism, lipid (fat). | An increase in cholesterol does not cause any symptoms. Symptoms only appear as a result of the subsequent damage. Too much cholesterol is deposited in the blood vessels, reduces their elasticity and can block the vessels. The resulting circulatory problems can lead to angina pectoris, heart attack and stroke. The causes for an increased cholesterol are: unhealthy lifestyle with a diet high in fat and sugar, lack of exercise, obesity, kidney dysfunction, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, medication (steroids). Cholesterol can also be elevated for genetic reasons despite a healthy diet and sufficient exercise. In woman after menopause cholesterol levels tend to rise. | Genetic causes, certain diseases, malnutrition. Too low cholesterol levels can also lead to health problems. Since our brain needs cholesterol for a proper function, too low cholesterol can lead to behavioral and personality disorders such as aggressiveness and depression. Memory loss and dementia can occur. Too low cholesterol increases the risk of cancer, increases the susceptibility to infections and is associated with a shorter life expectancy. | ||
| HDL | HDL | Fat metabolism / Cardiovascolar risk | >35 | >42 | mg/dl | Fat metabolism: High density lipoprotein ligated cholesterol | A higher HDL is considered positive, but is not automatically associated with a lower risk of arteriosclerosis. An excessively HDL value can be caused by alcoholism, liver cirrhosis and hyperthryroidism. | A too low HDL value or an increased total cholesterol/HDL ratio is considered a risk factor for the developement of arteriosclerosis and thus for heart attacks and strokes. | |
| LDL | LDL | Fat metabolism / Cardiovascolar risk | <130 | mg/dl | Fat metabolism: Low density lipoprotein ligated cholesterol. | Due to genetic predisposition (familial hypercholesterolemia), diet, obesity, lack of physical activity, smoking, certain pathologies like diabetes mellitus. Elevated LDL levels do not cause any symptoms. However, they promote arteriosclerosis and the resulting circulatory problems are noticeable in various regions of the body. | No minimum value is defined for LDL. According to the European guidelines: the lower the better. However, in some cases, very low LDL levels are also associated with health problems: hormonal disorders, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, serious consumptive dideases such as cancer, chronic infection, multiple injuries (polytraumas), malnutrition, genetic disorders (abetslipoproteinemia). Another cause overly aggressive trestment with cholesterol-lowering drugs. | ||
| Iron | Ferro | Iron balance | 35-168 | 23-163 | µg/dl | Iron. | Due to excessive intake. In Hemochromatosis (abnormal deposition of iron), excessive iron concentration, iron poisoning. Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, loss of lipìbido. If deposited in the liver leads to liver cirrhosis. Loss of body hair, redness of the palm, testicular atrophy snd gynecomastias. The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma is increased even without liver cirrhosis. Hyperpigmentation of the skin, diabetes mellitus, joint disease, vitamin C deficiency, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmisas. Hormonal disorders: erectile dysfunction, loss of menstruation. Adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency. | Causes: Increased iron request (during pregnancy, lactation, athletes, therapy with archtropoietin, therapy with vitamin B12. Increased iron loss due to hidden chronic bleeding due to tumors, chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and stomach ulcers, due to heavey menstrual bleeding, acute blood loss due to bleeding in accidents and operations, bleeding during treatment with blood thinners, hemodialysis, frequent blood donation, phlebotomy therapy. Reduced iron absorption in the case of infections, inflammations and tumors, chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, heart failure. Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, paleness, chest pain, racing heartbeat and low blood pressure, shortness of breath during physical activity, lower concentration, increased susceptibility to infections, hair loss, brittle nails, sore, torn corners of the mouth, headaches, burning tongue, itching, osychological instability, depressin like conditions, restless legs syndrome, with very low irion hypothyroidism. | |
| Ferritin | Ferritina | Iron balance | 35-217 | 35-217 | 23-110 | µg/l | Basic parameter for iron metabolism, iron storage. | In infections, hemochromatosis (iron storage disease), hyperthyroidism, liver diseases, Hodgkin's lymphomas, other neoplasms, iron administration, Still's disease, iron utilization disorders (porphyrias, hemoglobin disorders, vitamin B12 deficiency), lead poisoning, frequent blood transfusions, chronic inflammation, hemolytic anemia. | For iron deficiency, heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic blood loss in the gastrointestinal tract, pregnancy, nephrotic syndrome (kidney disease), transferrin deficiency, severe burns. |
| Transferrin | Transferrina | Iron balance | 200-400 /212-360) | mg/dl | Transport protein for iron in serum. | During pregnancy, with certain forms of anemia and infections. | In inflammations (excep acute hepatitis), tumors, gastrointestinal absorptions disorders, liver cirrhosis. | ||
| GOT (AST) | GOT (AST) | Liver | 10-50 | 10-35 | U/l | Diagnosis of liver diseases, enzyme. | Very strongly increased in acute viral hepatitis, toxic liver damage, progressive muscular dystrophy (degenerative muscle diseases). Strongly increased in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cholestasis (especially in the beginning), injuries, heart attack, gallbladder inflammation, mononucleosis. Increased in liver tumors, liver metastasis, liver damage caused by medications, cholangitis (inflammation of the bile dicts), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), pulmonary embolism, chronic alcohol abuse. | Decreased values have no pathologic meaning. | |
| GPT (ALT or ALAT)) | GPT (ALT or ALAT)) | Liver | 10-50 | 10-35 | U/l | Enzyme, mainly in the liver. Diagnosis of liver diseases. | Very strongly increased (>5 fold) in acute viral hepatitis, toxic liver damage, strobgly increased in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cholestasis, liver stasis (changes in the liver due to a blockage cuased by backflow of blood into the liver). Increasd in liver tumors, liver metastasis, liver damage caused by medications, inflammation of the bile ducts, fatty liver, chronic alcohol abuse. | Decreased values have no pathologic meaning. | |
| Gamma GT | Gamma GT | Liver | 10-71 | 4-18 | U/l | Enzyme that occurs almost everywhere with highest occurrence in the liver, but also in the kidneys, pancreas and in the brain, small intestine, splee, breast, testicles, prostate. It is not found in muscles, bones and red blood cells. Diagnosis of liver diseases. | High sensitivity but no specificity as it occurs almost everywhere. An isolated GGT increase with normal GOT and GPT is not evidence of liver damage. Strongly increased in obstructive jaundice (jaundice due to extrahepatic cholestasis (blockage of bile in the bile ducts)), hepatitis with bile stasis, inflammation of the bile ducts, toxic liver damage. Moderately increased in (<300U/l) chronic active hepatitis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis (especially in alcohol abuse), primary biliary cirrhosis, liver tumors and liver metastases, acute and chronic pancreatitis, drug poisoning, chronic use of anticonvulsants and sedatives, taking some medications (thiazides, anabolic steroids, antithyroid drugs, rifampicin, Marcumar, cephalosporins, birth control pills), poisoning. Slight increase in fatty liver, uncomplicated viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse, liver congestion in right heart failure, mononucleosis, pregnancy, burns, stroke, diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, prostate tumors. | Decreased values have no pathologic meaning. | |
| GGT/AST ratio | Rapporto GGT/AST | Liver | <1: acute viral hepatitis. <2: toxic liver damage. 3-6: biliary cirrhosis, chronic bile duct obstruction. >12: Hepatocellular carcinoma (malignant liver tumor). IF THE LIVER VALUES ARE WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGES, THE GGT/AST RATIO IS NOT MEANINGFUL. THESE SUSPICIOUS DIAGNOSES ARE POSSIBLE ONLY IF THE LIVER VALUES ARE ELEVATED! | ||||||
| AP Alcalic Phosphatase | AP Fosfatasi alcalica | Liver/ bile ducts / Bone metabolism | 70-175 | 60-170 The values are higher during pregnancy | U/l | Enzyme, occurring everywhere. The AP in the serum mainly comes from bones and liver and is therefore used to diagnose diseases of the liver and biliary tract and bone metabolism. | Diseases of the bones / bone metabolism (e.g. osteoporosis), bone tumors and metastases. Diseases of the liver and biliary tract. Endocrine (metabolic) diseases: hyperthyroidism, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome. Other diseases that may be associated with an increase in AP: sarcoidosis, renal failure, multiple myeloma, heart attack, mononucleosis. | Hormone replacement therapy with estrogens, hypothyroidism, achondroplasia (genetic disease of the skeleton), children with severe gastroenteritis, Wilson's disease (hereditary metabolic disorder with copper deposition), anemia, leukemia, zinc deficiency, Rathbun syndrome (hereditary disease with phosphatase deficiency). | |
| GLDH Glutamatdehydrogenase | GLDH Glutammatodeidrogenasi | Liver | <7 | <5 | U/l | Enzyme, marker of liver damage (along with GOT, GPT and GGT). | Strong increase: toxic substances (halothane, fungal toxins), liver carcinoma, liver metastases, necrotizing (with cell death) hepatitis, acute liver congestion. Slight increase: liver cirrhosis, acute viral hepatitis, fatty liver. | No pathologic meaning. | |
| CHE Cholinesterase | CHE Colinesterasi | Liver | 3500-8500 | U/l | Enzyme, diagnostik of liver diseases. | For diabetes mellitus (most common cause), CHD (coronary heart disease), metabolic syndrome (combination of impaired carbohydrate metabolism, high blood pressure, lipid metabolism disorder and obesity), protein loss (kidneys, gastrointestinal), alcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperlipoproteinemia type IV (fat metabolism). | Poisoning with alkyl phosphates, extensive burns, kidney failure, hypothyroidism, taking estrogens, diazepam and propranolo, malnutrition. | ||
| Dibucain number | Numero di dibucaina | Anesthesia risk | >65 | % | Examination for atypical CHE variants to assess the risk of anesthesia. | increased risk for anesthesia problems. | |||
| Total bilirubin | Bilirubina totale | Bilirubin metabolism | <1,1 | mg/dl | Bile pigment, breakdown product of hemoglobin. Important value for detecting disorders of bilirubin metabolism. | Disorders in the function of red blood cells, liver diseases, disorders of bile drainage. Total bilirubin is increased in prehepatic (before the liver), intrahepatic (in the liver) and posthepatic (after the liver) jaundice (increase in bilirubin leading to yellowing of the skin and sclera). For rhabdomyolysis (tissue breakdown of the striated muscles), burns, certain diseases, bile congestion, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, fatty liver, liver tumors, poisoning (alcohol, drugs, mushrooms, solvents, endotoxins). Bile duct inflammation, salmonella, leptospirosis (zoonosis caused by bacteria). Pancreatic head tumor, gallbladder tumor, cholangiocellular carcinoma, liver transplant rejection, Ascaris (roundworm) infection. Falsely high values are possible in cases of uremia (poisoning of the blood with substances that should actually have been eliminated in the urine) and intestinal obstruction. | No pathologic meaning. | ||
| Direktes Bilirubin | Bilirubina diretta | Bilirubin metabolism | <0,25 | mg/dl | Conjugated bilirubin bound to glucuronic acid and therefore water-soluble. | See total bilirubin. | No pathologic meaning. | ||
| Indirektes Biliribin | Bilirubina indiretta | Bilirubin metabolism | <0,8 | mg/dl | Unconjugated bilirubin, practically insoluble in water and loosely bound to albumin (protein) in the plasma. Is not measured, but calculated from the difference between total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. | Especially in prehepatic jaundice, see total bilirubin. | No pathologic meaning. | ||
| Total-CK (Creatininkinase) | CK (totale) | Muscles, Cardiac diagnostic | <170 | <145 | U/l | Enzyme in muscle cells. Measured when cardiac or skeletal muscle diseases are suspected. | Heart attack, heart diseases: endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, coronary heart disease, skeletal muscle diseases, burns, hemolysis (destruction/dissolution of red blood cells), during/after labor/delivery, cesarean section, seizure, after intensive strength and endurance training. In diseases of the skeletal muscles, the CK value is greatly increased to values >25,000 U/l; in a heart attack it usually remains below 7,500 U/l. | Liver disease, hypothyroidism, Decrease in muscle mass. | |
| CK-MB | CK-MB | Cardiac diagnostic | 5-25 | U/l | Enzyme in heart muscle cells, diagnosis of heart attack. | Heart attack, heart diseases: endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, coronary heart disease. | Liver diseases, thyroid underfunction. | ||
| CK-BB | CK-BB | Nervous system | <2 | U/l | Enzyme in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, prostate, lungs. | Diseases of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, prostate, lungs. | |||
| CK-MM | CK-MM | Muscles | 0-170 | 0-145 | U/l | Enzyme in skeletal muscles and blood. | In diseases of the skeletal muscles. | Decrease in muscle mass. | |
| Myoglobin | Mioglobina | Muscles, Cardiac diagnostic | <70 | 21-98 | 19-56 | ng/ml | Muscle protein that binds oxygen. Occurs only in the striated muscles (cardiac muscle, skeletal muscles). Laboratory diagnosis of myocardial infarction, very sensitive early marker, but non-specific. Diagnosis and follow-up of skeletal muscle diseases. | Damage to the striated muscles. The level of myoglobin concentration correlates with the severity of the damage/disease. When the heart muscle cells die during a heart attack. | |
| Troponin | Troponina | Cardiac diagnostic | 0,01-0,08 | ng/ml | Protein component of the muscle, infarction diagnostics. | Heart muscle disease/damage, heart attack. | |||
| Troponin I | Troponina I | Cardiac diagnostic | <0,4 | µg/l | Protein component of the muscle, infarction diagnostics. | Heart muscle disease/damage, heart attack. 0,4-2,3 suspected heart muscle disease, heart attack cannot be excluded. >2,3 suspected heart attack. | |||
| Troponin T | Troponina T | Cardiac diagnostic | <0,4 | µg/l | Protein component of the muscle, infarction diagnostics. | Heart muscle disease/damage, heart attack. 0,4-2,3 suspected heart muscle disease, heart attack cannot be excluded. >2,3 suspected heart attack. | |||
| LDH Lactatdehydrogenase | LDH | Hemolysis / Tumor markers | 266-500 | 135-225 | 135-215 | U/l | Enzyme found in all body cells, but especially in heart and skeletal muscles, liver, red blood cells and thrombocytes (blood platelets). | In case of loss of red blood cells, anemia, malignant hematological diseases, heart attack, myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, muscle diseases. LDH is used as a non-specific tumor marker. | |
| Lipase | Lipasi | Pancreas | <60 | U/l | Enzyme. Diagnosis if acute pancreatitis is suspected. | For acute pancreatitis, acute abdomen (e.g. intestinal obstruction), gallbladder inflammation, gallbladder stones, blockage of the pancreatic duct (pancreatic duct), renal insufficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis (metabolic imbalance due to insulin deficiency), hepatitis, bacterial intestinal infections, inflammation of the parotid gland. Falsely elevated values can occur in plasmacytoma, hypertriglyceridemia, and during heparin therapy. | Cystic fibrosis, chronic inflammation of the pancreas. Falsely low values can occur with strong hemolyls (destruction of red blood cells). | ||
| Pankreasamylase | Pancreas amilasi | Pancreas | 17-115 | U/l | Pancreas enzyme. | In acute inflammation of the pancreas, exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, acute alcohol poisoning, renal insufficiency, acute abdomen, tumors, viral hepatitis, heart attack, granulomatosis (inflammation, mostly lungs), typhus of the abdomen. | |||
| Albumin | Albumina | Proteins / Proteinelectrophoresis | 3,5-5,4 | g/dl | Protein in plasma, tears, sweat and saliva. Transport protein (=protein) for bilirubin, fatty acids, riboflavin, metal cations, hormones (progesterone, testosterone, thyroid hormones), medications. Protein with the highest concentration in the blood. | In dehydration. | Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, protein loss via the gastrointestinal tract, malnutrition, poor absorption, burns, genetic, overhydration, immunoblobulin proliferation, infections, tumors. | ||
| Lactat | Lattato | Muscles | <16 | mg/dl | Salts or esters of lactic acid. | In hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) due to pulmonary dysfunction, severe anemia, acute or advanced heart failure, shock, carbon monoxide poisoning. In case of reduced blood flow due to vascular occlusion, injuries or burns. Therapy with biguanides for diabetes. Various metabolic diseases, whereby the level of lactate correlates with the severity of the disease and determines the prognosis. After heavy muscle work, after epileptic seizures, with high insulin doses, compensatory with hyperventilation and after surgical interventions. In people with a healthy metabolism, the elevated values decrease quickly. In metabolic patients, the elevated values persist over a longer period of time. | McArdle syndrome, a congenital glycogen storage disease. | ||
| Quick-Wert | Tempo di Quick | Coagulation | 70-100 | % | Coagulation parameters (detection of blood coagulation disorders), therapy controls in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy with coumarin. Since most coagulation factors are produced in the liver, the Quick value is a good follow-up parameter for liver synthesis disorders. Less suitable for diagnosing congenital coagulation disorders. | When taking some medications: barbiturates, cephalosporins, heparin, penicillin, sulfonamides, anticonvulsants (epilepsy drugs), acetylsalicylic acid. | In anticoagulant therapy, liver diseases, vitamin K deficiency, dysfibrinognemia, consumption coagulopathy, prothrobin-complex deficiency, newborns, lupus. | ||
| INR International Normalized Ratio | INR Rapporto normalizzato internazionale | Coagulation | 1 | dimensionless | Coagulation, as it does not depend on the method like the Quick, replaces it. Calculated from: clotting time of patient plasma/clotting time of normal plasma. Inversely proportional to the quick. The larger the quick, the smaller the INR and vice versa. Follow-up checks during anticoagulation therapy. | Target values for anticoagulation therapy: Deep vein thrombosis 2-3, atrial fibrillation 2-3, pulmonary embolism 2-3, mechanical heart valve 3-4.5, biological heart valve 2-3. | |||
| PTT Partial thromboplastin time | PTT Tempo di tromboplastina parziale | Coagulation | 26-36 | sec | Coagulation, screening test for certain defects in the coagulation system. Indications: Pre-op, control of heparin therapy, follow-up in hemophilia patients, if increased bleeding tendency is suspected. | Prolonged in A, anticoagulation with heparin and other drugs, fibrinogen deficiency, consumption coagulopathy, coagulation factor deficiency, lupus anticoagulopathy, inhibitory hemophilia. | Shortened in cases of increased clotting tendency, traumatic blood sampling. | ||
| Thrombocytes | Trombociti | Coagulation / Blood cell count | 150-300 | 1000/µl | Platelets, blood components. Unlike other cells, they do not have a nucleus. Determination as part of the small blood count. Play a role in coagulation. | Increased number: thrombocytosis. | Decreased count: thrombocytopenia. Leads to increased bleeding tendency. Some medications, called platelet aggregation inhibitors, can affect the function of platelets. | ||
| Leucocytes | Leucociti | Blood cell count | 4,4-11,3 | 1000/µl | White blood cells, found in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (body fluid in the central nervous system), are formed in the bone marrow. Immune defense. | Increase of white blood cells: leukocytosis. Physiological (i.e. without disease value): working leukocytosis, digestive leukocytosis For acute or chronic infections: bacterial infections (with the exception of tuberculosis), fungal infections, parasites In autoimmune diseases, leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, tumors, heart attacks, dreams, stress, burns, shock, acute bleeding, removal of the spleen, certain medications (cortisone), pregnancy, smoking, without any apparent reason | Decrease of white blood cells: leukopenia When the new production of white blood cells in the bone marrow is reduced, when their consumption is increased. The leukocyte count is reduced in the following infectious diseases: Brucellosis, typhus, flu, measles, rubella, malaria, leishmaniasis, some autoimmune diseases, vitamin B12 deficiency, myelodysplasia (hematological disease), anemia, myelofibrosis, allergies, enlarged spleen. With chemotherapy. Symptoms: Ulcers of the oral mucosa, stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa), periodontitis (inflammation of the gums), sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, pneumonia, boils, swollen lymph nodes, abscesses, fever. | ||
| Lymphocytes | Linfociti | Blood cell count | 20-40 | % | Subgroup of leukocytes (white blood cells). Task: Defense against foreign substances, especially infectious agents, but also against modified cells in the body, such as tumor cells. | ||||
| Neutrophiles | Neutrofili | Blood cell count | 45-85 | % | Subgroup of leukocytes (white blood cells). First defense against bacteria. | ||||
| Erythrocyte number | Numero di eritrociti | Blood cell count / Anemia diagnostic | 4,5-6,0 | 4,1-5,4 | Mio./ µl | Red blood cell count. The red blood cells contain the blood pigment hemoglobin. Task: transport of oxygen in the blood. However, they also transport carbon dioxide to a lesser extent. There are proteins on the surface that determine a person's blood type. | Increased number: polyglobulia. For metabolic disorders or myeloproliferative diseases (malignant blood diseases). | Decreased count: erythrocytopenia. If you have iron or vitamin deficiency. | |
| MCH | MCH | Blood cell count / Anemia diagnostic | 27-34 | pg/ml | Mean corpuscular hemoglobine. Mean hemoglobine content of the individual erythrocyte. Anemia diagnosis | Causes: vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, alcohol abuse, dehydration, leucemia. | Iron deficiency, vitamin B6 deficiency, copper deficiency, anemia in chronic inflammation, tumor anemia, thalassemia, aplastic anemia. | ||
| MCV | MCV | Blood cell count / Anemia diagnostic | 85-98 | fl | Mean corpuscular volume: mean volume of the individual erythrocyte. Anemia diagnosis | Macrocytic erythrocytes, the volume of red blood cells is too high. The red blood cells are too big. Causes: vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, megaloblasic anemia, alcohol abuse. | Microcytic erythrocytes, the volume of the red blood cells is too small, the erythrocytes are too small. Causes: Iron deficnecy, anemia in chronic inflammation, tumoranemia, thalassemia, aplastic anemia. | ||
| MCHC | MCHC | Blood cell count / Anemia diagnostic | 30-36 | g/dl | Mean hemoglobin concentration of the red blood cells. Anemia diagnosis | Pathologies: intravascular hemolysis, spherical cell anemia, infusion of lipid emulsions extreme hypertriglyceridemia cold agglutinin syndrome. | Pathology: hypochrome anemia in iron deficnecy, thalassemia, copper deficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, iron utilization disorders. | ||
| Hemoglobin | Emoglobina | Blood cell count / Anemia diagnostic | 13,5-18,0 | 11,5-16,4 | g/dl | Iron-containing red blood pigment from erythrocytes. Allows oxygen transport. Diagnosis of polyglobulia and anemia. | Lack of water, polycythemia vera (blood cancer), hormone-producing kidney tumors, doping with erythropoietin, long stays at higher altitudes, polyglobulia. | Anemia, blood loss, iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, increased breakdown of red blood cells, pregnancy, heavy menstrual bleeding, overhydration, Crohn's disease, rheumatological diseases, kidney diseases, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia. | |
| Hematocrit | Ematocrito | Blood cell count / Anemia diagnostic | 36-48 | 35-45 | % | Proportion of cellular components in the blood, 96% of which are red blood cells. | The blood is thick and there are many blood cells in the blood. Symptoms: red skin, blurred vision, dizziness, headache, dry skin, dry tongue, confusion, racing heart. Causes: Lung diseases, leukemias, hormonal disorders, lack of fluids, lack of oxygen, smoking. | Anemia due to iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, bleeding, leukemia, kidney disease, dissolution of red blood cells, erythrocytopenia (reduced number of red blood cells), hereditary diseases, autoimmune diseases. Symptoms: Pale skin, thinness, fatigue, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, cold hands and feet, irregular heartbeat, water retention. | |
| Thrombocytes count | Conta dei trombociti | Blood cell count | 150-300 | 1000/ µl | Thrombocytes in the blood. | Increased count: Thrombocytosis. | Decreased count: Thrombocytopenia. | ||
| TSH | TSH | Thyroid function | 0,3-4,0 | ml.E./l | Thyrotropin: Hormone that stimulates the production of thyroid hormones. Assessment of thyroid function. Most important parameter for monitoring therapy with levothyroxine (T4). | With hypothyroidism, with TSH-producing tumors, with thyroid hormone resistance, when taking certain medications. Physiologically during pregnancy. | In an overactive thyroid, when taking certain medications, in a very severe iron deficiency. | ||
| fT3 | fT3 | Thyroid function | 1,64-3,45 | pg/ml | Free thyroid hormone triiodothyronine, not bound to plasma proteins. Is interpreted together with TSH and fT4 and is particularly suitable for the early diagnosis of hyperthyroidism | Hyperthyroidism, isolated T3 hyperthyroidism with normal fT4 values. | Thyroid underfunction. | ||
| fT4 | fT4 | Thyroid function | 0,71-1,85 | ng/dl | Free thyroid hormone thyroxine, not bound to plasma proteins. Since thyroxine is predominantly present in bound form, the determination of T4 is of greater diagnostic importance. | Thyroid overfunction. | Thyroid underfunction. | ||
| Beta-HCG | Beta-HCG | Pregnancy | Hormone for maintaining pregnancy. In the urine only to detect pregnancy from the 12-14 day after fertilization. In the serum to detect pregnancy from the 7th day after fertilization and to monitor the progress of the pregnancy. | 0-5 is the normal value for men and non-pregnant women. For a pregnant woman, the value depends on the time of pregnancy. | |||||
| Insulin | Insulina | Sugar / Diabetes Mellitus | 1,6-10,8 | mU/l | Hormone that regulates the absorption of glucose into the body's cells. Lowers blood sugar. Role in the development and treatment of diabetes. Formed in the so-called islet cells of the pancreas. | Insulinoma (rare insulin-producing tumor of the pancreas), insulin resistance. | Type I diabetes mellitus . Type II diabetics usually have compensatory elevated insulin levels due to insulin resistance. | ||
| C-Peptid | C-Peptide | Sugar / Diabetes Mellitus | Fasting: 0.8-4.2, after prolonged fasting: 2.7 | ng/ml | Byproduct of the synthesis of insulin. Since insulin is very unstable, C-peptide is more likely to be measured when diagnosing diabetes. Allows the diagnosis of insulin resistance and the distinction between type I and II diabetes. | Diabetes type II: In the beginning the values are increased, in the late stage they are reduced. Also for: insulinoma (rarely insulin-producing tumor of the pancreas), kidney failure, taking glucocorticoids (cortisone). | Diabetes type I, as insulin synthesis is disturbed. Diabetes type II: In the beginning the values are increased, in the late stage they are reduced. Also with: Addison's disease (rare but potentially life-threatening disease with complete loss of function of the adrenal cortex), when taking alpha-sympathomimetics, when hungry. | ||
| OGTT | OGTT | Sugar / Diabetes Mellitus | Normative findings Fasting <100 or 5.6 After 120 min 125 or 6.9, after 120 minutes >199 or 11.0 | mg/dl or mmol/l | Oral glucose tolerance test: Confirmation of the diagnosis of diabetes when fasting blood sugar levels are borderline. If gestational diabetes is suspected | See reference values. | See reference values. | ||
| HbA1c | HbA1c Emoglobina glicata | Sugar / Diabetes Mellitus | 4,2-6,2 | % | Glycated hemoglobin. Used to control blood sugar levels in diabetes patients. Shows blood sugar levels over the last 4 to 12 weeks | Poor blood sugar control. | |||
| Gesamt-PSA | PSA totale | Prostate | 40-49 y: <2,5 50-59 y: <3,5 60-69 y: <4,5 70-79 y: <6,5 | ng/ml | Prostate-specific antigen, tumor marker, diagnosis of prostate cancer. | In benign prostate enlargement, prostate cancer, prostate inflammation and manipulation. | |||
| ESR | VES | Inflammation / Infection | <15 | <25 | mm/h | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Non-specific parameter for inflammation of different types, correlates with the severity of the inflammation. | In inflammation, infections, autoimmune diseases, tumors, hematological diseases, heart attacks, when taking some medications (isotretinoins, ovulation inhibitors). Physiologically premenstrual and during pregnancy. | Increased erythrocyte count, sickle cell anemia, when taking anti-inflammatory drugs. | |
| CRP c-reactive protein | PCR Proteina c-reattiva | Inflammation/infection | 0.5 | mg/dl | C-reactive protein. Plasma protein formed in the liver, a non-specific inflammatory parameter for inflammation of both infectious and non-infectious causes. Correlates with the severity of inflammation. Can The reference value specified by the laboratory is decisive. | For all acute inflammations. In the case of inflammation of the hollow organs, especially in the case of cystitis, the increase is less severe. Moderate increase in viral infections, pregnancy and parasites. Greater increase in bacterial infections. However, it is not possible to reliably distinguish between viral and bacterial infections based on the CRP increase. The CRP level may be elevated before fever or an increase in white blood cells have occurred. The CRP can also be significantly increased in non-infectious inflammations: rheumatic diseases, autoimmune diseases (vasculitis), chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, tumors, tissue destruction (heart attack, acute pancreatitis, tumor breakdown), trauma, fractures, burns or frostbite, after major surgical procedures. | |||
| Hs-CRP | Hs-PCR | Inflammation / Infection / Cardiac diagnostic | <1,0 | mg/l | High senitive CRP for the risk assessment of cardiovascular diseases because CRP plays an important role in the development of arteriosclerosis. Also suitable for monitoring progress and assessing prognosis. | Arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, peripheral arterial disease. The following patients have higher hs-CRP values: smokers, patients who are overweight and have a BMI >30, patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus II. When taking birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy, during pregnancy, with autoimmune diseases. Since CRP also increases with trauma (injuries), hsCRP should only be measured approximately 3 weeks after symptoms have subsided. | |||
| Albumin | Albumina | Proteins / Proteinelectrophoresis | 55,3-68,9 | % | Plasma protein, formed in the liver, transport protein in the blood for bilirubin, free fatty acids, riboflavin, metal cations, hormones, medications. Protein with the highest concentration. | In dehydration (lack of fluid), lack of production in the liver in liver disease, gastrointestinal protein loss, kidney disease, malnutrition, malabsorption, burns, overhydration, hereditary hypoalbuminemia. | Compensatory for immunoglobulin increase, e.g. in infections, tumors. | ||
| Alpha-1-Globuline | Alfa-1-Globulina | Proteins / Proteinelectrophoresis | 1,6-5,8 | % | Plasmaprotein. | In the acute phase of inflammation (acute phase proteins): Acute infections, rheumatic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diseases, injuries, operations, tissue destruction (in the case of a heart attack or pancreatitis), tumors. In the case of long-term chronic inflammation, an increase is rarer or less pronounced. | Hereditary alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, in liver inflammation or lung diseases. | ||
| Alpha-2-Globuline | Alfa-2-Globulina | Proteins / Proteinelectrophoresis | 5,9-11,1 | % | Plasmaprotein. | In tissue destruction, acute infections, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, tumors, nephrotic syndrome. | In chronic active hepatitis, hemolysis (dissolution of erythrocytes), haptoglobin deficiency, Wilson's disease, liver damage. | ||
| Beta-Globuline | Beta-Globulina | Proteins / Proteinelectrophoresis | 7,9-13,9 | % | Plasma protein. Proteins of the beta-globulin fraction: transferrin for iron transport, fibrinogen, CRP, LDL. | ||||
| Gamma-Globuline | Gamma-Globulina | Proteins / Proteinelectrophoresis | 11,4-18,2 | % | plasma protein. Immunoglobulins IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM. | IgA: for chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, liver cirrhosis, alcoholic liver damage, celiac disease, mucous membrane infections, monoclonal gammopathy of the IgA type. IgD: IgD type multiple myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma, autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), chronic infections. IgE: for parasites, allergies. IgG: infections, allergies type II, type III immune reaction. IgM: primary response to infections. | IgA: selective IgA deficiency. | ||
| Leucocytes | Leucociti | Urine | <25 | Leu/µl | infections, tumors | ||||
| Erythrocytes | Eritrociti | Urine | 2 | Erys/µl | infections, tumors. | ||||
| Squamous epithelium | Cellule epiteliali squamose | Urine | no | Contamination, kidney disease | |||||
| Round epithelia | Cellule epiteliali rotonde | Urine | no | Contamination, kidney disease | |||||
| Bacteria | Batteri | Urine | no | Infections | |||||
| Nitrite | Nitriti | Urine | 0 | mg/dl | In the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract, i.e. in the case of infections. | ||||
| pH | pH | Urine | 6-7 | >7 alkaline urine: infection with urease-positive bacteria, reduced acid excretion by the kidneys, potassium deficiency, when taking certain medications. | |||||
| Glucose | Glucosio | Urine | 0 | mg/dl | Kidney damage, kidney inflammation, kidney tumors, kidney injuries, heavy metal poisoning. Causes outside the kidneys: diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, taking diabetes medications that inhibit the reabsorption of glucose. | ||||
| Protein | Proteine totali | Urine | <10 | mg/dl | The presence of protein in the urine is called proteinuria. It can be caused by an excess of protein before the kidney (e.g. when red blood cells or muscle cells are destroyed), by a dysfunction of the kidney itself or by an excess of protein after the kidney in the urinary tract due to infections or injuries. Proteinuria can also be harmless due to stress, physical exertion or even for no reason. | ||||
| Aceton | Acetone | Urine | 0 | mg/dl | In strong physical exertion, fasting, fever, severe injuries or operations, prolonged vomiting (e.g. vomiting during pregnancy), diabetes mellitus. | ||||
| Urobilinogen | Urobilinogeno | Urine | 0,1-1,8 | mg/dl | Bilirubin breakdown product. | In liver diseases. | |||
| Urine sediment | Sedimenti | Urine | Solid undissolved components of urine. | Can be detectable in urine under both physiological and pathological conditions. |
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Click on the value’s row you are interested in to view the laboratory value handout.
ITALIAN COMMERCIAL DRUG NAMES AND DRUG INFORMATION
| Group | Adult / Pediatric | Active ingredient | Italian translation | Italian trade name | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Adult / Pediatric | Active ingredient | Italian translation | Italian trade name | Dosage | Pharmaceutical form | Posology | Type of prescription | Note |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | adult | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 500 mg | tablets (compresse), granulates, effervescent tablets, suppositories | 500 mg every 4 hours | OTC (Over the counter) | US: Tylenol |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | adult | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 1000 mg | tablets (compresse), granulates, effervescent tablets, suppositories | 1000mg every 6 hours | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | US: Tylenol |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 62,5 mg | suppositories | newborn 0-3 months, between 3 kg and 5 kg: 1 supp every 6 hours, max. 4 supp/24 hours | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 125mg | suppositories, granulate effervescent | children 6-19 months, between 7 and 10 kg: 1 supp or 1 bag every 6 hours, max. 4x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 125mg/5ml | sirup | 5-6 months 7,2 kg every 6 hours, max. 4x/day, 8 kg 7-10 months 4 ml every 6 hours max. 4/day, 9 kg 11-14 months 5,5 ml every 6 hours max. 4x/day, 10 kg 15-19 months 6 ml every 6 hours max. 4/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 250 mg | suppositories | 20 - 29 months 11-12 kg: 1 supp every 8 hours max. 3x/day, 30 months - 6,5 years 1 supp every 6 hours max. 4/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 500 mg | tablets, suppositories | 6,5 - < 8 years 21-25 kg: 1/2 tablet every 4 hours, max. 6/day 8 -11 years 26-40 kg 1 tablet/supp every 4 hours max. 6x/day 12 - 15 years 41-50 kg 1 tablet/ supp every 4 hours max. 6/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | adult | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Brufen, Moment, Nurofen and generics | 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg | tablets (compresse), granulates, effervescent tablets | 200 - 400 mg every 6 hours, 600 mg every 6-8 hours, 800 mg every 8 hours. Max. 2400 mg/ 24 hours | 200 mg and 400 mg: OTC (Over the counter), 600mg and 800 mg: Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | US: Advil |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Nurofen 100 and generics | 100 mg/5ml | sirup | 3-6 months 5,6 - 7 kg 2,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 6-12 months 7 - 10 kg 2,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 1 - 3years 10 - 15 kg 5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 15 - 20 kg 4 - 6 years 7,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 7 - 9 years 20 - 28 kg 10 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 10 -12 years 28 - 43 kg 15 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Nurofen 200 and generics | 200 mg/5ml | sirup | 3-6 months 5,6 - 7 kg 1,25 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 6-12 months 7 - 10 kg 1,75 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 1 - 3years 10 - 15 kg 2,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 15 - 20 kg 4 - 6 years 3,75 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 7 - 9 years 20 - 28 kg 5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 10 -12 years 28 - 43 kg 7,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Nurofen 200 and generics | 200 mg | tablets (compresse), granulates, effervescent tablets | > 12 years 1 tablet 2-3x/day min. every 8 hours. | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | adult | Metamizol | Metamizolo | Novalgina and generics | 500 mg/ml | drops | 1 drop = 1 ml = 500 mg, up to 20 - 40 drops every 6 hours, max. 4000 mg/24 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | For stronger pain. |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Metamizol | Metamizolo | Novalgina and generics | 500 mg/ml | drops | 1 drop = 1 ml = 500 mg, 3 - 11 months 5 - 8 kg max. 2-5 drops every 6 hours, 1-3 years 9 - 15 kg 3 - 10 drops every 6 hours, 4 - 6 years 16 - 23 kg 5 - 15 drops every 6 hours, 7 - 9 years 24 30 kg 8 - 20 drops every 6 hours, 10 - 12 years 31 - 45 kg 10 - 30 drops every 6 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | adult | Acetylsalicylic acid | Acido salicilico | Aspirina and generics | 500 mg | tablets, efferescent tablets | Single dose 500 - 1000 mg every 4-8 hours, max. 3000 mg/24 hours. | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | adult | Diclofenac | Diclofenac | Diclofenac, Voltaren and generics | 1%, 2%, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg | tablets, gel, spray, patch | tablets: 50 mg: 3-4x/day every 8 - 6 hours, 75 mg: 1-2x/day every 12 hours, 150 mg 1x/day. Gel: 2x/day. Patch (Voltadol 140 mg) 2 patches in 24 hours. | Gel: OTC, others: Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months. | |
| Antibiotic, penicillin | adult | Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid | Amoxicillina e acido clavulanico | Augmentin and generics | 825 + 125 mg | tablets , granulates | 1 tablet every 12 hours for 6 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, penicillin | pediatric | Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid | Amoxicillina e acido clavulanico | Augmentin and generics | 400 + 57 mg /5ml | suspension, bags with granulate | Children 2 months - 2 years: 2kg 0,6 ml every 12 hours, 3 kg 0,8 kg every 12 hours, 4 kg 1,1 ml every 12 hours, 5 kg 1,4 ml every 12 hours, 6 kg 1,7 ml every 12 hours, 7 kg 2 ml every 12 hours, 8 kg 2,3 ml every 12 hours, 9 kg 2,5 ml every 12 hours, 10 kg 2,8 ml every 12 hours, 11 kg 3,1 ml every 12 hours, 12 kg 3,4 ml every 12 hours, 13 kg 3,7 ml every 12 hours, 14 kg 3,9 ml every 12 hours, 15 kg 4,2 ml every 12 hours. Children > 2 years suspension: 2 - 6 years 13 - 21 kg 5ml every 12 hours, 7 - 9 years 22 - 29 kg 7,5 ml every 12 hours, 10 - 12 years 22 - 40 kg 10 ml every 12 hours. Bags with granulate: 2 - 6 years 13 - 21 kg 1 bag every 12 hours, 7 - 12 years 22 - 40 kg 2 bags every 12 hours. Children from 12 years and > 40 kg adult dose. For 6 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, penicillin | adult | Amoxicillin | Amoxicillina | Zimox and generics | 500mg, 1000 mg | tablets | 500 mg: 1 tablet every 6 - 8 hours. 1000 mg: 1 tablet every 8 - 12 hours. Max. 3000 mg/24 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, penicillin | pediatric | Amoxicillin | Amoxicillina | Zimox and generics | 50 mg/ml | suspension | 10 years: 10 ml (= 500mg). | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, macrolide | adult | Azithromycin | Azitromicina | Zitromax and generics | 500 mg | tablets | 1 tablet 1x/day for 3 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, macrolide | pediatric | Azithromycin | Azitromicina | Zitromax and generics | 40mg/ml, 200mg/5 ml | suspension | Children > 6 months and < 45 kg: 10mg/kg body weight 1x/day for 3 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, macrolide | adult | Clarithromycin | Claritromicina | Klacid and generics | 250mg, 500 mg | tablets | > 12 years 1 tablet (250 or 500 mg) every 12 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, macrolide | pediatric | Clarithromycin | Claritromicina | Klacid and generics | 125mg/5ml, 250mg/5 ml | suspension | children 6 months: 7,5mg/kg bodyweight. 125mg/5 ml: 8 -12 kg bodyweight: 2x/day 62,5 mg = 2,5ml, 12 - 20 kg: 2x/day 125 mg = 5 ml, 20 - 30 kg bodyweight: 187,5 mg = 7,5 ml, 30 - 40 kg bodyweight: 250 mg = 10 ml. 250mg/5ml: 8 -12 kg bodyweight: 2x/day 62,5 mg = 1,75 ml, 12 - 20 kg: 2x/day 125 mg = 2,5 ml, 20 - 30 kg bodyweight: 187,5 mg =3,75 ml, 30 - 40 kg bodyweight: 250 mg = 5 ml. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, antiparasites, gynecologic | adult | Metronidazol | Metronidazolo | Flagyl, Vagilen and generics | 250 mg, 500 mg | tablets, vaginal tablets | Tablets: depending on the indication, 250 - 500 mg 2x/day, vaginal tablets 1 tablet/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, dermatologic | adult | Metronidazol | Metronidazolo | Rosex and generics | 0.75% | crema | 2x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, tetracyclin | adult | Doxycyclin | Doxiciclina | Bassado and generics | 100 mg, 200 mg | tablets | First day 200 mg 1x/day, then 100 mg 1x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Cave: increased photosensitivity! |
| Antibiotic, urinary tract infection | adult | Fosfomycin | Fosfomicina | Monuril | 3 g | granulate | Single dose in the evening before going to bed, eventually to repeat the following evening. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, urinary tract infection | adult | Sulfamethoxazol + Trimethoprim | Sulfametoxazolo + Trimetoprim | Bactrim | 800 mg + 160 mg | tablets, suspension | Urinary tract infection: single administration of 2-3 tablets in the evening. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, chinolone | adult | Ciprofloxacin | Ciprofloxacina | Ciprofloxacina and generics | 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg | tablets | Standart dosage: 250 - 500 mg 2x/day, non complicated urinary tract infection in female patients before menopause: 500 mg as single dose. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Different dosages for different infections |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | adult | Tobramycin | Tobramicina | Tobral and generics | 0.30% | eye drops, eye ointment | Drops: 1 - 2 drops every 4 hours with a night break as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. Ointment: 1,5 cm every 3-4 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | pediatric | Tobramycin | Tobramicina | Tobral and generics | 0.30% | eye drops, eye ointment | Drops: 1 drop every 4 hours with a night break as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. Ointment: 1 cm every 3-4 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | pediatric | Fusidic acid | Acido fusidico | Fucithalmic and generics | 1% | eye drops | 1 drop every 12 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | adult | Fusidic acid and dexamethasone | Acido fusidico e desametasone | Tobradex and generics | 0,3% + 0,1% | eye drops, eye ointment | Drops: 1 - 2 drops every 4 hours with a night break as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. Ointment: 1,5 cm every 3-4 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Combination of antibiotic and steroid. |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | pediatric | Fusidic acid and dexamethasone | Acido fusidico e desametasone | Tobradex and generics | 0,3% + 0,1% | eye drops, eye ointment | Drops: 1 drop every 4 hours with a night break as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. Ointment: 1 cm every 3-4 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Combination of antibiotic and steroid. |
| Antibiotic, dermatologic | adult | Fusidic acid | Acido fusidico | Fucidin and generics | 20 mg/g | cream, ointment | Cream: 2 -3 x/day. Ointment: With bandage 1 - 2 x/day, without bandage 3x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antibiotic, dermatologic | pediatric | Fusidic acid | Acido fusidico | Fucidin and generics | 20 mg/g | cream, ointment | Cream: 2 -3 x/day. Ointment: With bandage 1 - 2 x/day, without bandage 3x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antibiotic, dermatologic | adult | Fusidic acid and Hydrocortisone | Acido fusidico e idrocortisone | Fucidin H and generics | 20 + 10 mg/g | cream | Cream: 2 -3 x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, dermatologic | adult | Fusidic acid and Betamethasone | Acido fusidico e betametasone | Fucicort and generics | 2% + 0,1% | cream | Cream: 1 - 2 x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antimycotic | adult | Terbinafin | Terbinafina | Lamisil and generics | 250 mg, 1% | tablets, cream | Tablets: 250 mg 1x/day. Body mycosis: 2 -4 weeks, head: 4 weeks, foot: 2-6 weeks, fingernails: 6 weeks, footnails: 12 weeks. Cream: 1-2x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Normally it is suffcient to take the tablets 250mg 1x/day on 2-3 days of the week. |
| Antimycotic | pediatric | Terbinafin | Terbinafina | Lamisil and generics | 250 mg, 1% | tablets, cream | Tablets: 5-12 years and 20 - 40 kg bodyweight: 125 mg 1x/day. Body mycosis: 2 -4 weeks, head: 4 weeks, foot: 2-6 weeks, fingernails: 6 weeks, footnails: 12 weeks. Cream: 1-2x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Not for children under 5 years and under 20 kg. |
| Antimycotic | adult | Clotrimazol | Clotrimazolo | Canesten and generics | 1% | cream, spray | cream/ spray: 2 - 3x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antimycotic | pediatric | Clotrimazol | Clotrimazolo | Canesten and generics | 1% | cream, spray | cream/ spray: 2 - 3x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antimycotic, gynecologic | adult | Clotrimazol | Clotrimazolo | Gynocanesten and generics | 100 mg, 2% | vaginal tablets, vaginal cream | vaginal tablets: 1 tbl./day in the evening for 12 days, vaginal cream: 1x/day for 12 days | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antimycotic | pediatric | Miconazol | Miconazolo | Daktarin | 2% | cream, spray, emulsion, oral gel | For children > 2 years. Oral gel: 4x/day, cream 1-2x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antimycotic, gynecologic | adult | Fluconazol | Fluconazolo | Diflucan | 150 mg | tablets | Normal yeast infection: single administration. Stronger infection: day 1, 4 and 7. Recurrent vaginal yeast infections: 1 tablet 150 mg 1x/week for 6 months. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Different dosages for other non gynecologic mycotic infections. |
| Antiviral, flu medicine | adult | Oseltamivir | Oseltamivir | Tamiflu | 75 mg | tablets | 2x/day for 5 days | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiviral, Covid-19 | adult | Nirmatrevir + Ritonavir | Nirmatrevir + Ritonavir | Paxlovid | 150 mg + 10 mg | tablets | 2 tbl. Nirmatrevir + 1 tbl. Ritonavir together every 12 hours for 5 days | Available only through public hospitals. Cannot be prescribed by private doctors. | Very expensive in Italy if paid out of pocket. |
| Antiviral, HIV prophylaxis | adult | Emtricibatin + Tenovir | Emtricibatin + Tenovir | Truvada and generics | 200 mg + 245 mg | tablets | 1 tablet/day after a meal. | Single use prescription. | Pre-exposition prophylaxis of HIV infection. Covered by many foreign insurances. |
| Antiviral, herpes, cold sore | adult | Acyclovir | Aciclovir | Zoviraxlabiale and generics | 50 mg/g | cream | Herpes labialis and genitalis: 5x/day every 4 hours for 5 to 10 days | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiviral, herpes, cold sore | pediatric | Acyclovir | Aciclovir | Zoviraxlabiale and generics | 50 mg/g | cream | Herpes labialis and genitalis: 5x/day every 4 hours for 5 to 10 days | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiviral, herpes | adult | Acyclovir | Aciclovir | Aciclovir generics | 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg | tablets | Herpes simplex and genitalis: 200 mg 5x/day every 4 hours with a night break of 8 hours for at least 5 days. Chickenpox and herpes zoster: 800 mg 5x/day for 7 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiviral, herpes | pediatric | Acyclovir | Aciclovir | Aciclovir generics | 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg | tablets, sospension | Children > 2 years: Herpes simplex and genitalis: 200 mg 5x/day every 4 hours with a night break of 8 hours for at least 5 days. Children < 2 years 100 mg 5x/day every 4 hours with a night break of 8 hours for at least 5 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | No trials exist for newborn and for herpes zoster in children. |
| Antiviral, herpes | adult | Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir generics | 1000 mg, 500 mg | tablets | Herpes zoster: 1000 mg 3x/day for 7 days. Needs to be started within 72 hours from the beginning of the symptoms. Herpes simplex: 500 mg 2x/day for 5 - 10 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antacids, stomach protection, gastroesophageal reflux | adult | Omeprazol | Omeprazolo | Omeprazolo generics | 20 mg, 10 mg | tablets | 10 mg - 20mg/day 30 minutes before a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antacids, stomach protection, gastroesophageal reflux | adult | Pantoprazol | Pantoprazolo | Maalox reflusso and generics | 40 mg, 20 mg | tablets | 20 mg - 40 mg/ day 30 minutes before a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Attention: There are 4 different products called "Maalox" (Maalox, Maalox nausea, Maalox Plus, Maalox Reflusso) with different ingredients and indications! |
| Antacids, stomach protection, gastroesophageal reflux | adult | Esomeprazol | Esomeprazolo | Esomeprazolo generics | 40 mg, 20 mg | tablets | 20 mg - 40 mg/ day 30 minutes before a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antacids, stomach protection, gastroesophageal reflux | adult | Lansoprazol | Lansoprazolo | Lansoprazolo generics | 30 mg, 15 mg | tablets | 30 mg - 15 mg/ day 30 minutes before a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiemetica, nausea and vomiting | adult | Domperidon | Domperidone | Motilium and generics | 10 mg | tablets | Up to 3x/day every 8 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiemetica, nausea and vomiting | adult | Metoclopramid | Metoclopramid | Plasil, Maalox nausea and generics | 10 mg | tablets | Up to 3x/day every 8 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiemetica, nausea and vomiting | pediatric | Metoclopramid | Metoclopramid | Plasil, Maalox nausea and generics | 4 mg/ml, 10 mg/10 ml | drops, tablets | Drops: 1 drop = 0,2 mg. 1-3 years 10-14 kg: 5 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 3-5 years 15-19 kg 10 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 5-9 years 20-29 kg 12 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 9-18 years 30-60kg 25 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours. Sirup: 1-3 years 10-14 kg: 1 mg up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 3-5 years 15-19 kg 2mg up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 5-9 years 20-29 kg 2,5 mg up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 9-18 years 30-60kg 5mg up to 3/day every 6 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, angiotensine antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Candesartan | Candesartan | Candesartan generics | 8 mg, 16 mg, 32 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension (high blood pressure): initial 8 mg 1x/day, maintenance dose: 8-32mg/day. Heart failure: initial 4 mg/day, increase every 2 weeks up to 32mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, angiotensine antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Irbesartan | Irbesartan | Irbesartan generics | 150 mg, 300 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension (high blood pressure): initial 150 mg 1x/day, eventually increase to 300mg 1x/day. Diabetic nephropathy: 300 mg 1x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, angiotensine antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Losartan | Losartan | Losartan generics | 12,5 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 50 mg 1x/day, eventually increase to 100 mg/day. Cardiac failure: initially 12,5 mg 1x/day, eventually increase to max. 150 mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, angiotensine antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Valsartan | Valsartan | Valsartan generics | 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg, 320 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 80 - 160 mg 1x/day. Cardiac failure: initial 40 mg 2x/day, then step by step increase to 160 mg 2x/day. After heart attack: start already 12 h after heart attack: initially 20 mg 2x/day then increase step by step to 160 mg 2x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, ACE inhibitor, mono preparation | adult | Lisinopril | Lisinopril | Lisinopril generics | 5 mg, 20 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 5-20 mg 1x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, ACE inhibitor, mono preparation | adult | Captopril | Captopril | Captopril generics | 25 mg, 50 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 12,5-25 mg 2x/day (max. 50 mg/day) | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, ACE inhibitor, mono preparation | adult | Enalapril | Enalapril | Enalapril generics | 5 mg, 20 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 5-10 mg 1x/day, up to 40 mg/24 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, ACE inhibitor, mono preparation | adult | Ramipril | Ramipril | Triatec, Ramipril generics | 2,5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 2,5-5 mg 1x/day, up to 10 mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, calcium antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Amlodipin | Amlodipina | Norvasc, Amlodpina generics | 5 mg, 10 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension, prophylaxis angina pectoris, Prinz Metal angina: 5 - 10 mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Avoid combination with Beta-blockers. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, calcium antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Nifedipin | Nifedipina | Nifedipina generics | 20 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension and Angina pectoris: 40 mg 1x/day, up to 80 mg/ day in 1-2 administrations. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Avoid combination with Beta-blockers. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, calcium antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Diltiazem | Diltiazem | Diltiazem generics | 120mg, 200 mg 300 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 2x/day 90 mg, up to 360 mg/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Avoid combination with Beta-blockers. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, calcium antagonist, mono preparation | adult | Verapamil | Verapamil | Isoptil and generics | 40 mg, 80 mg, 120 mg ret, 180 mg ret, 240 mg ret | tablets, retard tablets | Arterial hypertension: Isoptin 80 mg: 3x/day (40)80-160 mg, Isoptin 120 mg retard: 2x/day 1 tablet, up to 2x/day 2 tablets | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Avoid combination with Beta-blockers. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, ß1-selective blocker, mono preparation | adult | Bisoprolol | Bisoprololo | Concor and generics | 1,25 mg, 2,5 mg, 3,75 mg, 5 mg, 7,5 mg, 10 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: initially 5 mg 1x/day, up to 10 mg/day. Cardiac failure: 1 week: 1,25 mg 1x/day, 2 week: 2,5 mg 1x/day, 3 week: 3,75 mg 1x/day, 4 - 7 week 5 mg 1x/day, 8-11 week: 7,5 mg, from the 12th week: max. 10mg/ day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Avoid combination with calcium antagonists. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, non-selective blocker, mono preparation | adult | Carvedilol | Carvedilolo | Carvedilol generics | 6,25 mg, 25 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension/ Angina pectoris: initally 12,5 mg 1x/day, eventually after 2 day increase to 25 mg 1x/day and after 2 weeks to 50 mg in 1-2 administrations. Cardial failure: 3,125 2x/day for 2 weeks, then increase in intervalls of 2 weeks up to 25 mg2x/day (85 kg body weight). | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Avoid combination with calcium antagonists. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, ß1-blocker with additional effects, mono preparation | adult | Nebivolol | Nebivololo | Nebilox, Lobivon and generics | 5 mg | tablets | Arterial hypertension: 5 mg 1x/day, >65 years old start with 2,5 mg. Cardiac failure: >70 years old start with 1,25 mg 1x/day then increase in intervalls of 1-2 weeks up to 10 mg/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Avoid combination with calcium antagonists. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, combination angiotensin antagonist + diureticum | adult | Candesartan + Hydrochlorthiazide | Candesartan + Idroclorotiazide | generics | 16 + 12,5 mg, 32 + 12,5 mg, 32 + 25 mg | tablets | Initially 8 or 16 mg + 12,5 mg 1x/day, eventually increase to 32 g + 12,5 mg or 32 mg + 25 mg | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | In some countries a combination of Candesartan and Amlodipin exists. In Italy we have the combination of Valsartan and Amlodipin. |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, combination angiotensin antagonist + calcium blocker | adult | Valsartan + Amlodipin | Valsartan + Amlodipina | generics | 80 + 5 mg, 160 + 5 mg, 160 + 10 mg | tablets | First therapy: 80+5mg 1x/day, eventually increase after 1-2 weeks up to 320+10 mg. Swirtch from monoherapy: 320+10 mg 1x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, triple combination, angiotensin antagonist, calcium blocker and diureticum | adult | Valsartan + Amlodipin + Hydrochlorthiazid | Calsartan + Amlodipina + Idroclorotiazide | generics | 160+5+12,5 mg, 160+5+25 mg, 160+10+25 mg, 320+10+25 | tablets | 320+10+25 mg 1x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, combination ACE inhibitor + diureticum | adult | Ramipril + Hydrochlorothiazide | Ramipril + Idroclorotiazide | generics | 2,5+12,5 mg, 5+25 mg | tablets | 2,5+12,5mg or 5+25 mg: 1/2-1 tablet 1x/day, after at least 3 weeks eventually increase to max. 2 tablets 5+25 mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antihypertensiva, high blood pressure, combination ß-blocker and diureticum | adult | Bisoprolol + Hydrochlorothiazide | Bisoprololo + Idroclorotiazide | Lodoz and generics | 2,5+6,25 mg, 5+6,25 mg, 10+6,25 mg | tablets | 1 tablet/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Gout medicine | adult | Allopurinol | Allopurinolo | generics | 100 mg, 300 mg | tablets | 300-900 mg in several administrations. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Thyroid hormones, thyroid underfunction | adult | Levothyroxine | Levotiroxina | Eutirox and generics | 25 mcg, 50 mcg, 75 mcg, 88 mcg, 100 mcg, 112 mcg, 125 mcg, 137 mcg, 150 mcg, 175 mcg, 200 mcg | tablets | Individual dosage. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | adult | Metformin | Metformina | Glucophage and generics | 500 mg, 800 mg, 1000 mg | tablets | Diabetes mellitus type 1: Initially 500-1000 mg/ day, which can be increased step by step every 5-7 days up to 3000mg/day. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Additionally to the insulin therapy. The dosage depends on the dose of the used insuline. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | adult | Glimepirid | Glimepiride | Amaryl, Solosa and generics | 2mg, 3 mg, 4 mg | tablets | Diabetes mellitus type 2: >18 years, start with 1mg/day and if necesary increase of 1 mg every 1-2 weeks. Maintenance dosage 1-4mg/day. To take before the first main meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | adult | Insulin aspart | Insulina aspart | Novorapid | 100 U | Pen | > 2 years. Fast insuline, individual dosage, shortly before or directly after a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | pediatric | Insulin aspart | Insulina aspart | Novorapid | 100 U | Pen | > 2 years. Fast insuline, individual dosage, shortly before or directly after a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | adult | Insulin glargine | Insulina glargine | Lantus, Toujeo | 100 U/ml | Pen, cartridge, bottle | > 2 years, individual dosage, 1x/day. Maximum effect 3-5 hours, total effect 24 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | pediatric | Insulin glargine | Insulina glargine | Lantus, Toujeo | 100 U/ml | Pen, cartridge, bottle | > 2 years, individual dosage, 1x/day in the evening. Maximum effect 3-5 hours, total effect 24 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | adult | Semaglutide | Semaglutide | Ozempic | 0,25mg/D, 0,5mg/D, 1mg/D | Pen | > 18 years, initially 0,25mg/ week, increase after 4 weeks to 0,5mg/week. Eventually it can be increased after at least 4 weeks to 1mg/week and after futher 4 weeks 2mg/week. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | adult | Semaglutide | Semaglutide | Rybelsus | 3mg, 7 mg, 14mg | tablets | > 18 years, initially 3mg/day, increase to 7 mg/day after 4 weeks and eventually after at least further 4 weeks to max. 14mg/day. To take fasting at least 30 min before the first meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Ear nose throat, dizziness, tinnitus | adult | Betahistin | Betaistina | Vertiserc | 8mg, 16mg, 24mg | tablets | > 18 years, 24-48mg/ day in 2-3 administrations, take with a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Ear nose throat, nasal and sinus congestion | adult | Tuaminoheptan/Acetylcystein | Tuaminoeptano/Acetilcisteina | Rinofluimucil | XXX | nasal spray | 2 sprays in every nose 3x/day | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Ear nose throat, nasal and sinus congestion | adult | Vitelled silver/ Ephedrine | Argento vitellinato/ efedrina | Argotone | 1%+0,9% | nasal drops | 2-3 drops in every nose 3-4x/day | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Ear nose throat, nasal and sinus congestion | pediatric | Vitelled silver/ Ephedrine | Argento vitellinato/ efedrina | Argotone | XXX | spray nasale | 2 sprays in every nose 3x/day | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Ear nose throat, sore throat | adult | Flurbiprofen | Fluribiprofene | Tantum Verde Gola | XXX | spray orale | 3-4x/day | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Airways, wet cough | adult | N-Acetylcystein | N-Aceticisteina | Fluimucil | 200mg, 600mg | granulate | 200mg 3x/day, 600mg 1x/day in the morning | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways, dry cough | adult | Dextromethorphan | Destrometorfano | Bexin, Vicks Tosse | 10,5 mg | tablets, drops, sirup | 25mg up to 3-4x/day | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Airways, asthma, allergy | adult | Montelukast | Montelukast | Montelukast | 10 mg | tablets | 10 mg 1x/day, asthma in the evening, allergic rhinitis morning or evening | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways, asthma | adult | Salmeterol/ Fluticason | Salmeterolo/ Fluticasone | Seretide, Aliflus | 25+125mcg, 25+250mcg | inhaler | 2 puffs 2x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways, asthma | pediatric | Salmeterol/ Fluticason | Salmeterolo/ Fluticasone | Seretide, Aliflus | 25+50mcg | inhaler | > 4 year, 2 puffs 2x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways, asthma | adult | Budesonid/ Formoterol | Budesonide/ Formoterolo | Symbicort | 160+4,5mcg, 320+9mcg | inhaler, bottle | >12 years 1-2 puffs 1x/day, max. 6 puffs/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways asthma | pediatric | Budesonid/ Formoterol | Budesonide/ Formoterolo | Symbicort | 80+2,25 mcg | inhaler, bottle | > 6 years 1-2 puffs 1x/day , max. 4 puffs/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways asthma | adult | Salbutamol | Salbutamolo | Ventolin | 100mcg | inhaler | > 12 years, acute bronchospasm 100-200mcg, prophylaxis before effort 200mcg. Long term therapy: 3-4x (max.8x)/day 200mcg. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways, asthma | pediatric | Salbutamol | Salbutamolo | Ventolin | 100mcg | inhaler, sirup | 4-12 years, acute bronchospasm and prophylaxis before effort 100mcg. Long term therapy 3-4x/day 100mcg, eventually increase single dose to 200 mcg. Maximal total dosage/day 800mcg. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| High cholesterole | adult | Rosuvastatin | Rosuvastatina | Crestor | 5mg, 10mg, 20mg, 40mg | tablets | Hypercholesterinemia: start with 5-10mg/day. Eventually increase every 4 weeks up to 20(-40)mg/day. Cardiovascular prophylaxis 20 mg 1x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| High cholesterole | adult | Simvastatin | Simvastatina | Omnistat, Liponorm, Rosim and generics | 10mg, 20mg, 40mg | tablets | Hperlipidemia: start with 10-20(-40)mg 1x/day. Increase every 4 weeks. Max. 80mg/Tag. Cardiovascular prophylaxis: 40 mg 1x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| High cholesterole | adult | Ezetimib | Ezetimibe | Ezetimibe generics | 10 mg | tablets | >10 years 1x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Platelet aggregation inhibitor, heart attack, stroke prevention | adult | Aspirin 100 | Aspirina 100 | Cardioaspirina | 100 mg | tablets | Stroke prophylaxis after TIA: 100mg 3x/day or 300mg 1x/day. Prophylaxis after bypass, PTCA: 100-300mg/day. Acute heart attack: initially 200-300mg i.v. or p.o., from 2nd day 100 mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Epilepsy | adult | Valproate | Acido Valproico | Acido valproico generics | 300mg, 500 mg | tablets | 18-65 years: start with 10-15mg/kg/day. Maintenance dose: 20 (-30)mg/kg/day. >65 years: start with 10-15mg/kg/day. Maintenance day: 15-20 (-25)mg/kg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Epilepsy | pediatric | Valproate | Acido Valproico | Acido valproico generics | 300mg, 500 mg | tablets | < 12 years: start 10-15mg/kg/day, maintenance dose 25(-35)mg/kg/day. 12-18 years: start with 10-15mg/kg/day, maintenance dose 20-25 (-30)mg/kg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Epilepsy, trigeminus neuralgia, bipolar disorder | adult | Lamotrigin | Lamotrigina | Lamictal, Amaless | 2mg, 5mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg | tablets | > 12 years. Epilepsy: week 1and 2: 25mg 1x/day, week 3 and 4 50mg 1x/day. Then increase 50-100mg every 1-2 weeks. Maintenance dose 100-200mg in 1-2 administrations. Bipolar disorder (monotherapy or in combination with other medications): week 1 and 2: 25mg 1x/day, week 3 and 4 50mg in 1-2 administrations, week 5 100mg in 1-2 administrations, from week 6 200mg in 1-2 administrations. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Migraine | adult | Sumatriptan | Sumatriptan | Imigran | 50mg, 100mg | tablets, nasal spray, injections | 1x 25-50 mg, in case of a relapse within 24 hours further doses of 25-50mg with a distance of 2 hours up to 200mg in 24 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Epilepsy , neuropathic pain, anxiety disorder | adult | Pregabalin | Pregabalina | Lyrica | 25mg, 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, 150mg, 300mg | tablets | Neuropathic pain/ epilepsy: start with 150mg/day in 2-3 administrations, eventually increase to 300 mg/day after 3-7 days, eventually increase after further 7 days to max. 600mg/day. Anxiety disorder: start with 150mg/day in 2-3 administrations, then eventually increase every 7 days to 300mg, 450 mg upt to max. 600mg/day. | Single use prescription. | |
| Epilepsy, Neuropathic pain | adult | Gabapentin | Gabapentin | Gabapentin generics | 100mg, 300mg, 400mg | tablets | Epilepsy: day 1 3x 300mg/day, then increase of 400mg every 3-4 weeks to max. 2400mg /day in 3 administrations. Neuropathic pain: day 1 3x300mg/day, maintenance dose: 900-3600mg/day in 3 administrations. | Single use prescription. | |
| Anxiety, panick attacks | adult | Alprazolam | Alprazolam | Xanax | 0,25mg, 0,5mg, 1mg, 2mg | tablets, retard tablets | Anxiety disorder: start with 0,75-1mg/day, then 0,5-4mg/day. Panick attacks: start with 0,5-1,5mg/day, then every 3-4 days increase of 1 mg up to 4-6mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription valid 3x in 30 days. | |
| Anxiety disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder | adult | Escitalopram | Escitalopram | Cipralex | 10 mg, 20 mg | tablets, drops | Depression/ obsessive compulsive disorder: 10mg 1x/day, up to 20ng/day. Phobia 10mg 1x/day. Panic attacks 5 mg 1x/day, up to 20mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Sleeping disorder | adult | Melatonin | Melatonina | Circadin | 2 mg | tablets | 1 tablet after the last meal 1-2hours before going to sleep. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Sleeping disorder | adult | Zolpidem | Zolpidem | Stilnox | 10 mg | tablets | Before going to bed with a distance to the last meal. | Ripetitive prescription valid 3x in 30 days. | |
| Bipolar disorder | adult | Quetiapin | Quetiapina | Seroquel | 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 150mg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg | tablets | Schizophrenia: 18-65y 1h before a meal. 1. day 300mg 1x/day, 2. day 600mg 1x/day, then increase in individual steps. Maintenace dose 400-800mg 1x/day. >65y start with 50mg/day, increase in 50 mg steps. Bipolar disorder (depression): 18-65y: before going to bed. 1. day 50 mg, 2. day 100mg, 3.day 200mg, from the 4, day 300mg 1x/day. Prophylaxis of bipolar symptoms: >18y 1x/day 300-800mg. Additional therapy for depressive disorder (major depression): 18-65y before going to bed, 1./2. day 50mg 1x/day, 3./4. day 150 mg 1x/day. Maintenance 150-300mg 1x/day. >65y before going to bed, 1x/day 50 mg, then increase slowly in individual steps. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Depressive disorder, neuropathic pain | adult | Amitryptilin | Amitryptilina | Aderil and generics | 10 mg, 25mg | tablets, drops | Administration independent from a meal, main dose in the evening, weaning step by step over several weeks. Major depression: >18 years 25mg 2x/day, eventually increase of 25 mg every 2 days up to 150 mg/day in 2 administrations. Other indications: >18 years 10-25mg in the evening, eventually increase every 3-7 days 10-25mg. Maintenance dose 25-75mg/day. Older patients and patients with kardiovascular risk start with 10-25mg in the evening. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Depressive disorder | adult | Mirtazapin | Mirtazapina | Remeron and generics | 15mg, 30 mg | tablets | Before going to sleep or morning and evening. > 18 years, start 15-30mg. Eventually increase after 2-4 weeks. Maintenance 15-45mg/day. Therapy duration 6 months. After disappearing of the symptoms taper. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Depressive disorder | adult | Fluoxetin | Fluoxetina | Prozac | 20 mg | tablets | Depression: >18 years, 20mg/day, eventually increase after some weeks in 20mg steps up to 80mg/day (older patients and patients with a low body weight up to 60mg), doses >20mg need 2 administrations. Bulimia: >18 years 60mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder | adult | Citalopram | Citalopram | Citalopram generics | 20mg, 40 mg | tablets, drops | Depression/ obsessive compulsive disorder: 18-65years start with 20mg/day, eventually increase every 2 weeks up to 40mg/day. >65years 1/2 dose, max. 20mg/day. Panic attack: 18-65years start with 10mg/day, after 1 week increase to 20 mg, maintenance 20-30(-40)mg/day. >65years 1/2 dose, max. 20mg/day. Dose reduction every 1-2 weeks 10mg. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder | adult | Setralin | Sertralina | Zoloft | 50mg, 100mg | tablets | Depression: > 18 years 50 mg 1x/day, eventually increase up to 200mg/day. Panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia: > 18 years start with 25 mg 1x/day, after 1 week eventually increase to 50mg/day. Eventually increase in 50mg steps per week up to 200mg/day. Obsessive compulsive disorder: >13 years start with 50mg 1x/day, daily dose can be increased up to 200mg/day in 50mg per week. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | pediatric | Sertralin | Sertralina | Zoloft | 50mg, 100mg | tablets | 6-13 years start with 25mg/day, in one week increase to 50mg/day, after 1 week eventually increase the daily dose to 50mg, eventually increase by 50 mg per week up to max. 200mg/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Scabies | adult | Ivermectin | Ivermectina | Iverscab | 3 mg | tablets | >15 kg single dose of 200mcg/kg body weight, eventually repeat | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Scabies | pediatric | Ivermectin | Ivermectina | Iverscab | 3mg | tablets | >15 kg single dose of 200mcg/kg body weight, eventually repeat | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Scabies | adult | Permethrin | Permetrina | Scabiacid, Scabianil, Antiscabbia | XXX | crema | Spread over the entire body (except eyes and mouth), leave on for 8 hours, then wash with water and soap. Eventually repeat after 14 days. >12 years 1 tube. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Scabies | pediatric | Permethrin | Permetrina | Scabiacid, Scabianil, Antiscabbia | XXX | crema | Spread over the entire body (except eyes and mouth), leave on for 8 hours, then wash with water and soap. Eventually repeat after 14 days. >12 years 1 tube. 6-12 years 1/2 tube, 1-6 years 1/4 tube, 2 months to 1 year hazelnutsize. | ||
| Hairloss | adult | Finasterid | Finasteride | Propecia and generics | 1mg | tablets | >18 years:1mg 1x/day for at least 3 months | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Hairloss | adult | Minoxidil | Minoxidil | Minoxidil and generics | 2%, 5% | skin lotion | 18-65 years: 2x/day on the dry scalp for at least 2 months (max. 4 months). | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Erectile dysfunction | adult | Sildenafil | Sildenafil | Viagra and generics | 25mg, 50mg, 100mg | tablets | 1 hour before sexual intercourse, max. 1x/day. 18-65 years start with 50mg, eventually increase to 100mg or reduce to 25mg. >65years start 25 mg, eventually increase to max. 100mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Erectile dysfunction, benign prostata hyperplasia | adult | Tadalafil | Tadalafil | Cialis and generics | 5mg, 10mg, 20mg | tablets | Erectile dysfunction: on demand use (1-2x/week): >18 years 10 mg 1x/day 30min to 36 hours before sexual intercourse, eventually increase to max. 20mg/day. Continous use: >18 years 2,5mg 1x/day, eventually increase to max. 5mg/day. BPH: >18 years 5mg 1x/day, eventually reduce to 2,5mg. Max. 5 mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Overweight | adult | Liraglutid | Liraglutide | Saxenda | injections | Subcutaneous injections independent from meals. 12-75 years start with 0,6mg/day, increased by 0,6mg per week. Maintenance 3 mg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | ||
| Malaria | adult | Atovaquone/Proguanil | Atovaquone/Proguanile | Malarone | tablets | Prophylaxis: from 2 days before exposure to 7 days after exposure 1 tablet/ day. Treatment: 4 tablets/day on 3 days | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months |
Group:
Adult / Pediatric:
Active ingredient:
Italian translation:
Italian trade name:
Dosage:
Pharmaceutical form:
Posology:
Type of prescription:
Note:
Click on the row of the drug you are interested in to view the full record.
NOTE: in Italy exist three different types of private prescriptions. Prescriptions valid 10 times within 6 months for common drugs. Prescriptions valid 3 times within 30 days for for example stronger painkillers, sleeping pills or anxiolytics. Some drugs may even require a prescription which can be used only one time (some birth control pills and strong painkillers). Special drugs, like Adderral for the treatment of ADHD can only be prescribed by specialists or specialized centers. A general practitioner cannot prescribe them. In the drug handout you will also find the type of prescription of the drug.
DISCLAIMER: the medication list provided here is the list of commonly used and prescribed medications. It serves as a guide for the patient and is not intended to be complete. There are additional medications in each group that are not listed here. The commercial names mentioned are the most well-known. This is neither advertising nor a recommendation on our part to use these brands. The list provided here is not a guide to self-medication. If you have a health problem, always consult your doctor so that he can make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the appropriate pharmacotherapy. The dosages listed here are the standard dosages. They may be different in individual cases. Always follow the prescribed posology.
DRUGS DURING PREGNANCY AND BREAST FEEDING
| Group | Active ingredient | Italian translation | Italian trade name | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Active ingredient | Italian translation | Italian trade name | 1st trimester | 2nd trimester | 3rd trimester | Better alternatives in pregnancy | Breastfeeding | Better alternatives in breastfeeding |
| Pain, fever | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Pain, fever, inflammation | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Brufen, Moment, Nurofen and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Paracetamol | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Stronger pain, fever, inflammation | Metamizol | Metamizolo | Novalgina and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Paracetamol, Ibuprofen | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Paracetamol, Ibuprofen |
| Pain, fever, inflammation | Acetylsalicylic acid | Acido salicilico | Aspirina and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Pain/fever: Paracetamol Inflammation: Ibuprofen, Diclofenac (1./2. trimester) | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Paracetamol, Ibuprofen |
| Pain, fever, inflammation | Diclofenac | Diclofenac | Diclofenac, Voltaren and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Pain/fever: Paracetamol Inflammation: Ibuprofen (1./2. trimester) | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Paracetamol, Ibuprofen |
| Antibiotic | Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid | Amoxicillina e acido clavulanico | Augmentin and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Antibiotic | Amoxicillin | Amoxicillina | Zimox and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Antibiotic | Azithromycin | Azitromicina | Zitromax and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines like Amoxicilline | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillnes like Amoxicilline |
| Antibiotic | Clarithromycin | Claritromicina | Klacid and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines and cephalosporines | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | Penicillines and cephalosporines |
| Antibiotic | Metronidazol | Metronidazolo | Flagyl and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines and cephalosporines | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines and cephalosporines |
| Antibiotic | Doxycyclin | Doxiciclina | Bassado and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides |
| Antibiotic | Fosfomycin | Fosfomicina | Monuril | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides |
| Antibiotic | Sulfamethoxazol + Trimethoprim | Sulfametoxazolo + Trimetoprim | Bactrim | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides |
| Antibiotic | Ciprofloxacin | Ciprofloxacina | Ciprofloxacina and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Penicillines, cephalosporines, makrolides |
| Antimycotic | Terbinafin | Terbinafina | Lamisil and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Clotrimazol, Miconazol, Nystatin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Clotrimazol, Miconazol, Nystatin |
| Antimycotic | Clotrimazol | Clotrimazolo | Canesten and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Antimycotic | Miconazol | Miconazolo | Daktarin | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Antimycotic | Fluconazol | Fluconazolo | Diflucan | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Clotrimazol, Miconazol, Nystatin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Clotrimazol, Miconazol, Nystatin |
| Herpes | Aciclovir | Aciclovir | Aciclovir generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Herpes | Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Antiviral, flu medicine | Oseltamvivir | Oseltamvivir | Tamiflu | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, it can be used during breastfeeding for a given indication | None |
| Stomach, reflux | Omeprazol | Omeprazolo | Omeprazolo generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Stomach, reflux | Pantoprazol | Pantoprazolo | Maalox reflusso and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Omeprazol | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | Omeprazol |
| Stomach, reflux | Esomeprazol | Esomeprazolo | Esomeprazolo generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Omeprazol, Pantoprazol | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Omeprazol, Pantoprazol |
| Stomach, reflux | Lansoprazol | Lansoprazolo | Lansoprazolo generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Omeprazol | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Omeprazol, Pantoprazol |
| Nausea and vomiting | Domperidon | Domperidone | Motilium and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Doxylamin, Meclozin, Dimenhydrinat | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Doxylamin, Meclozin, Dimenhydrinat |
| Nausea and vomiting | Metoclopramid | Metoclopramid | Plasil, Maalox nausea and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Doxylamin, Meclozin, Dimenhydrinat | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Doxylamin, Meclozin, Dimenhydrinat |
| Blood pressure | Candesartan | Candesartan | Candesartan generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Irbesartan | Irbesartan | Irbesartan generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Losartan | Losartan | Losartan generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Valsartan | Valsartan | Valsartan generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Lisinopril | Lisinopril | Lisinopril generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Captopril | Captopril | Captopril generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Enalapril | Enalapril | Enalapril generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Ramipril | Ramipril | Triatec, Ramipril generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Metoprolol | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Amlodipin | Amlodipina | Norvasc, Amlodpina generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Nifedipin | Nifedipina | Nifedipina generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Diltiazem | Diltiazem | Diltiazem generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol, Nifedipin, Verapamil | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol, Nifedipin, Verapamil |
| Blood pressure | Verapamil | Verapamil | Isoptil and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Bisoprolol | Bisoprololo | Concor and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol |
| Blood pressure | Carvedilol | Carvedilolo | Carvedilol generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Metoprolol, Propranolol |
| Blood pressure | Metoprolol | Metoprololo | Lopresor, Seloken and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Gout | Allopurinol | Allopurinolo | generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Ibuprofen (only for the inflammation) | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Ibuprofen (only for the inflammation) |
| Thyroid | Levothyroxine | Levotiroxina | Eutirox and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Diabetes mellitus, Biguanide | Metformin | Metformina | Glucophage and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Insulin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None |
| Diabetes mellitus, Insulin | Insulin glargin | Insulina Glargine | Lantus, Abasaglar and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Diabetes mellitus, Insulin | Insulin human | Insulina Umana | Actraphane, Actrapid and generic | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Diabetes mellitus, Insulin | Insulin aspart | Insulina Aspart | Novorapid and generics | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Diabetes mellitus, Sulfonylurea | Glibenclamid | Glibenclamide | Daonil, Gliben, Gliboral | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Insulin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Insulin |
| Diabetes mellitus, oral GLP-1-Antagonist | Semaglutide | Semaglutide | Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! Semiglutide should be stopped 2 months before a programmed pregnancy. | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Insulin | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Insulin |
| Diabetes mellitus, DPP-4-inhibitor | Sitagliptin | Sitagliptine | Janumet and generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Insulin | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Insulin |
| Epilepsy, anticonvulsiva 1.Generation, Trigeminusneuralgia, Bipolar disorder | Carbamazepin | Carbamazepina | Tegretol and generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Epilepsy: LamotriginTrigeminusneuralgia: Lamotrigin, Levetiuracetam. Bipolar disorder: Quetiapin, Lamotrigin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Lamotrigin |
| Epilepsy, anticonvulsiva 2.Generation, neuropathic pain | Gabapentin | Gabapentin | Gabapentin generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Lamotrigin | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Lamotrigin |
| Epilepsy, anticonvulsiva 3.Generation | Brivaracetam | Brivaracetam | Brivaracetam generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Lamotrigin | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Lamotrigin |
| Epilepsy, trigeminus neuralgia, bipolar disorder | Lamotrigin | Lamotrigina | Lamictal, Amaless | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Epilepsy: none. Bipolar disorder: Quetiapin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Epilepsy: none. Bipolar disorder: Quetiapin. |
| Epilepsy, neuropathic pain, anxiety disorder | Pregabalin | Pregabalina | Lyrica | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Neuropathic pain: Amitriptylin. Epilepsy: Lamotrigin, Levetiracepam. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Neuropathic pain: Amitriptylin. Epilepsy: Lamotrigin, Levetiracepam. |
| Epilepsy | Valproate | Acido Valproico | Acido valproico and generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Epilepsy: Lamotrigin, Levetiuracetam. Bipolar disorder: Quetiapin, Lamotrigin, eventually Lithium. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Epilepsy: Lamotrigin, Levetiuracetam. Bipolar disorder: Quetiapin, Lamotrigin, eventually Lithium. |
| Migraine | Sumatriptan | Sumatriptan | Imigran | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Paracetamol, Ibuprofen | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Paracetamol, Ibuprofen |
| Depressive disorder, tricyclic antidepressant | Amitryptilin | Amitriptilina | Laroxyl, Limbitryl and generic | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Depressive disorder, sleeping disorder, tricyclic antidepressant | Doxepin | Doxepina | Doxepina generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Amitryptilin, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Sertralin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Amitryptilin, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Sertralin |
| Depressive disorder, tetracyclic antidepressant | Mianserin | Mianserina | Lantanon and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram, Escitalopram | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram, Escitalopram |
| Depressive disorder, tetracyclic antidepressant | Mirtazapin | Mirtazapina | Remeron and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram, Escitalopram | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram, Escitalopram |
| Depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, OCD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | Fluoxetin | Fluoxetina | Prozac and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram |
| Depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, OCD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | Citalopram | Citalopram | Citalopram generics | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, it can be used during breastfeeding for a given indication | None |
| Depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, OCD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | Escitalopram | Escitalopram | Cipralex and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Sertralin, Citalopram |
| Depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, OCD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | Sertralin | Sertralina | Zoloft and generics | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, it can be used during breastfeeding for a given indication | None |
| Bipolar disorder | Quetiapin | Quetiapina | Seroquel | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, it can be used during breastfeeding for a given indication | None |
| Anxiety, panic attacks | Alprazolam | Alprazolam | Xanax | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Promethazin | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Promethazin |
| Sleeping disorder | Melatonin | Melatonina | Circadin | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | Depending on the pathology: Mirtazapin, Amitriptylin, Quetiapin, Promethazin. | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Depending on the pathology: Mirtazapin, Amitriptylin, Quetiapin, Promethazin. |
| Sleeping disorder | Zolpidem | Zolpidem | Stilnox | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Depending on the pathology: Mirtazapin, Amitriptylin, Quetiapin, Promethazin. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Depending on the pathology: Mirtazapin, Amitriptylin, Quetiapin, Promethazin. |
| Ear nose throat, dizziness, tinnitus | Betahistin | Betaistina | Vertiserc and generics | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | None | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | None |
| Ear nose throat, nasal and sinus congestion | Tuaminoheptan/Acetylcystein | Tuaminoeptano/Acetilcisteina | Rinofluimucil | NO! Contraindicated in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy! | NO! Contraindicated in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy! | None | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | None |
| Ear nose throat, nasal and sinus congestion | Vitelled silver, Ephedrine | Argento vitellato/efedrina | Argotone | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None |
| Airways, wet cough | N-Acetylcystein | N-Acetilcisteina | Fluimucil | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Ambroxol |
| Airways, dry cough | Dextromethorphan | Destrometorfano | Bexin, Vicks tosse | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None |
| Airways, asthma, allergy | Montelukast | Montelukast | Montelukast | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None |
| Airways, asthma | Salmeterol/Fluticason | Salmeterolo/Fluticasone | Seretide, aliflus | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Airways, asthma | Budesonid/Formoterol | Budesonide/Formoterolo | Symbicort | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| Airways, asthma | Salbutamol | Salbutamolo | Ventolin | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 1° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 2° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice in the 3° trimester of pregnancy for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None | YES, first choice. Is the drug of first choice during breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative. | None |
| High cholesterol | Rosuvastatin | Rosuvastatina | Crestor | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None |
| High cholesterol | Simvastatin | Simvastatina | Omnistat, Liponorm, Rosim and generics | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None |
| High cholesterol | Atorvastatin | Atorvastatin | Lipitor, Totalip | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the during brestfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None |
| High cholesterol | Ezetimibe | Ezetimibe | Ezetimibe and generics | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Statins | NO! Contraindicated during breastfeeding! | Statins |
| Scabies | Ivermectin | Ivermectina | Iverscab | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Permethrin | YES, it can be used during breastfeeding for a given indication | Permethrin |
| Scabies | Permethrin | Permetrina | Scabiacid, Scabianil, Antiscabbia | YES, it can be used in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, it can be used in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | None | YES, it can be used during breastfeeding for a given indication | None |
| Malaria | Atovaquone/Proguanil | Atovaquone/Proguanile | Malarone | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 1° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 2° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | YES, second choice. There are other drugs that are more suitable in the 3° trimester of the pregnancy, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor. | Mefloquin | YES, it can be used during breastfeeding for a given indication | None |
Group:
Active ingredient:
Italian translation:
Italian trade name:
1st trimester:
2nd trimester:
3rd trimester:
Better alternatives in pregnancy:
Breastfeeding:
Better alternatives in breastfeeding:
Click on the row of the drug you are interested in to view the full record.
LEGEND
Green = YES, first choice: is the drug of first choice during pregnancy (in the specified trimester) or breastfeeding for a given indication. There is no better alternative.
Gray = YES, second choice: there are other drugs that are more suitable during pregnancy (in the specified trimester) or breastfeeding, but it can be used if necessary after consultation with the doctor.
Red = NO!: contraindicated in pregnancy (in the specified trimester) or breastfeeding!
Don’t panic if you accidently have taken a drug that is contraindicated during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Many of the contraindicated drugs taken one time don’t have any consequence during pregnancy and don’t require interruption of breastfeeding. However, you should inform your doctor, gynecologist or pediatrician. Dr. Kurpanik will be happy to advise you on medication during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
DISCLAIMER: the drug list provided here does not claim to be complete. It does not constitute an invitation to self-medication and does not take into account the individual health conditions of the expectant or breastfeeding mother or the child. It serves as a guide and does not replace advice from a doctor. Always follow your doctor’s prescritions and contact a doctor if you experience any adverse drug reaction.
CHILDREN’S DOSAGES
| Group | Active ingredient | Italian translation | Italian trade name | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Adult / Pediatric | Active ingredient | Italian translation | Italian trade name | Dosage | Pharmaceutical form | Posology | Type of prescription | Note |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 62,5 mg | suppositories | newborn 0-3 months, between 3 kg and 5 kg: 1 supp every 6 hours, max. 4 supp/24 hours | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 125mg | suppositories, granulate effervescent | children 6-19 months, between 7 and 10 kg: 1 supp or 1 bag every 6 hours, max. 4x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 125mg/5ml | sirup | 5-6 months 7,2 kg every 6 hours, max. 4x/day, 8 kg 7-10 months 4 ml every 6 hours max. 4/day, 9 kg 11-14 months 5,5 ml every 6 hours max. 4x/day, 10 kg 15-19 months 6 ml every 6 hours max. 4/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 250 mg | suppositories | 20 - 29 months 11-12 kg: 1 supp every 8 hours max. 3x/day, 30 months - 6,5 years 1 supp every 6 hours max. 4/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, antipyreticum | pediatric | Paracetamol (USA: acetaminophen) | Paracetamolo | Tachipirina and generics | 500 mg | tablets, suppositories | 6,5 - < 8 years 21-25 kg: 1/2 tablet every 4 hours, max. 6/day 8 -11 years 26-40 kg 1 tablet/supp every 4 hours max. 6x/day 12 - 15 years 41-50 kg 1 tablet/ supp every 4 hours max. 6/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Nurofen 100 and generics | 100 mg/5ml | sirup | 3-6 months 5,6 - 7 kg 2,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 6-12 months 7 - 10 kg 2,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 1 - 3years 10 - 15 kg 5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 15 - 20 kg 4 - 6 years 7,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 7 - 9 years 20 - 28 kg 10 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 10 -12 years 28 - 43 kg 15 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Nurofen 200 and generics | 200 mg/5ml | sirup | 3-6 months 5,6 - 7 kg 1,25 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 6-12 months 7 - 10 kg 1,75 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 1 - 3years 10 - 15 kg 2,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 15 - 20 kg 4 - 6 years 3,75 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 7 - 9 years 20 - 28 kg 5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours, 10 -12 years 28 - 43 kg 7,5 ml max. 3x/day every 8 hours | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofene | Nurofen 200 and generics | 200 mg | tablets (compresse), granulates, effervescent tablets | > 12 years 1 tablet 2-3x/day min. every 8 hours. | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Painkiller, anti-inflammatory, antipyreticum, non-steroidal antirheumaticum | pediatric | Metamizol | Metamizolo | Novalgina and generics | 500 mg/ml | drops | 1 drop = 1 ml = 500 mg, 3 - 11 months 5 - 8 kg max. 2-5 drops every 6 hours, 1-3 years 9 - 15 kg 3 - 10 drops every 6 hours, 4 - 6 years 16 - 23 kg 5 - 15 drops every 6 hours, 7 - 9 years 24 30 kg 8 - 20 drops every 6 hours, 10 - 12 years 31 - 45 kg 10 - 30 drops every 6 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, penicillin | pediatric | Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid | Amoxicillina e acido clavulanico | Augmentin and generics | 400 + 57 mg /5ml | suspension, bags with granulate | Children 2 months - 2 years: 2kg 0,6 ml every 12 hours, 3 kg 0,8 kg every 12 hours, 4 kg 1,1 ml every 12 hours, 5 kg 1,4 ml every 12 hours, 6 kg 1,7 ml every 12 hours, 7 kg 2 ml every 12 hours, 8 kg 2,3 ml every 12 hours, 9 kg 2,5 ml every 12 hours, 10 kg 2,8 ml every 12 hours, 11 kg 3,1 ml every 12 hours, 12 kg 3,4 ml every 12 hours, 13 kg 3,7 ml every 12 hours, 14 kg 3,9 ml every 12 hours, 15 kg 4,2 ml every 12 hours. Children > 2 years suspension: 2 - 6 years 13 - 21 kg 5ml every 12 hours, 7 - 9 years 22 - 29 kg 7,5 ml every 12 hours, 10 - 12 years 22 - 40 kg 10 ml every 12 hours. Bags with granulate: 2 - 6 years 13 - 21 kg 1 bag every 12 hours, 7 - 12 years 22 - 40 kg 2 bags every 12 hours. Children from 12 years and > 40 kg adult dose. For 6 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, penicillin | pediatric | Amoxicillin | Amoxicillina | Zimox and generics | 50 mg/ml | suspension | 10 years: 10 ml (= 500mg). | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, macrolide | pediatric | Azithromycin | Azitromicina | Zitromax and generics | 40mg/ml, 200mg/5 ml | suspension | Children > 6 months and < 45 kg: 10mg/kg body weight 1x/day for 3 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, macrolide | pediatric | Clarithromycin | Claritromicina | Klacid and generics | 125mg/5ml, 250mg/5 ml | suspension | children 6 months: 7,5mg/kg bodyweight. 125mg/5 ml: 8 -12 kg bodyweight: 2x/day 62,5 mg = 2,5ml, 12 - 20 kg: 2x/day 125 mg = 5 ml, 20 - 30 kg bodyweight: 187,5 mg = 7,5 ml, 30 - 40 kg bodyweight: 250 mg = 10 ml. 250mg/5ml: 8 -12 kg bodyweight: 2x/day 62,5 mg = 1,75 ml, 12 - 20 kg: 2x/day 125 mg = 2,5 ml, 20 - 30 kg bodyweight: 187,5 mg =3,75 ml, 30 - 40 kg bodyweight: 250 mg = 5 ml. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | pediatric | Tobramycin | Tobramicina | Tobral and generics | 0.30% | eye drops, eye ointment | Drops: 1 drop every 4 hours with a night break as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. Ointment: 1 cm every 3-4 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | pediatric | Fusidic acid | Acido fusidico | Fucithalmic and generics | 1% | eye drops | 1 drop every 12 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antibiotic, ophthalmologic | pediatric | Fusidic acid and dexamethasone | Acido fusidico e desametasone | Tobradex and generics | 0,3% + 0,1% | eye drops, eye ointment | Drops: 1 drop every 4 hours with a night break as long as symptoms persist + 1 day. Ointment: 1 cm every 3-4 hours as long as symptoms persist + 1 day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Combination of antibiotic and steroid. |
| Antibiotic, dermatologic | pediatric | Fusidic acid | Acido fusidico | Fucidin and generics | 20 mg/g | cream, ointment | Cream: 2 -3 x/day. Ointment: With bandage 1 - 2 x/day, without bandage 3x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Without steroids. |
| Antimycotic | pediatric | Terbinafin | Terbinafina | Lamisil and generics | 250 mg, 1% | tablets, cream | Tablets: 5-12 years and 20 - 40 kg bodyweight: 125 mg 1x/day. Body mycosis: 2 -4 weeks, head: 4 weeks, foot: 2-6 weeks, fingernails: 6 weeks, footnails: 12 weeks. Cream: 1-2x/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | Not for children under 5 years and under 20 kg. |
| Antimycotic | pediatric | Clotrimazol | Clotrimazolo | Canesten and generics | 1% | cream, spray | cream/ spray: 2 - 3x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiviral, herpes, cold sore | pediatric | Acyclovir | Aciclovir | Zoviraxlabiale and generics | 50 mg/g | cream | Herpes labialis and genitalis: 5x/day every 4 hours for 5 to 10 days | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Antiviral, herpes | pediatric | Acyclovir | Aciclovir | Aciclovir generics | 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg | tablets, sospension | Children > 2 years: Herpes simplex and genitalis: 200 mg 5x/day every 4 hours with a night break of 8 hours for at least 5 days. Children < 2 years 100 mg 5x/day every 4 hours with a night break of 8 hours for at least 5 days. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | No trials exist for newborn and for herpes zoster in children. |
| Antiemetica, nausea and vomiting | pediatric | Metoclopramid | Metoclopramid | Plasil, Maalox nausea and generics | 4 mg/ml, 10 mg/10 ml | drops, tablets | Drops: 1 drop = 0,2 mg. 1-3 years 10-14 kg: 5 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 3-5 years 15-19 kg 10 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 5-9 years 20-29 kg 12 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 9-18 years 30-60kg 25 drops up to 3x/day every 6 hours. Sirup: 1-3 years 10-14 kg: 1 mg up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 3-5 years 15-19 kg 2mg up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 5-9 years 20-29 kg 2,5 mg up to 3x/day every 6 hours, 9-18 years 30-60kg 5mg up to 3/day every 6 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | pediatric | Insulin aspart | Insulina aspart | Novorapid | 100 U | Pen | > 2 years. Fast insuline, individual dosage, shortly before or directly after a meal. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Diabetes mellitus | pediatric | Insulin glargine | Insulina glargine | Lantus, Toujeo | 100 U/ml | Pen, cartridge, bottle | > 2 years, individual dosage, 1x/day in the evening. Maximum effect 3-5 hours, total effect 24 hours. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Ear nose throat, nasal and sinus congestion | pediatric | Vitelled silver/ Ephedrine | Argento vitellinato/ efedrina | Argotone | XXX | spray nasale | 2 sprays in every nose 3x/day | OTC (Over the counter) | |
| Airways, asthma | pediatric | Salmeterol/ Fluticason | Salmeterolo/ Fluticasone | Seretide, Aliflus | 25+50mcg | inhaler | > 4 year, 2 puffs 2x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways asthma | pediatric | Budesonid/ Formoterol | Budesonide/ Formoterolo | Symbicort | 80+2,25 mcg | inhaler, bottle | > 6 years 1-2 puffs 1x/day , max. 4 puffs/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Airways, asthma | pediatric | Salbutamol | Salbutamolo | Ventolin | 100mcg | inhaler, sirup | 4-12 years, acute bronchospasm and prophylaxis before effort 100mcg. Long term therapy 3-4x/day 100mcg, eventually increase single dose to 200 mcg. Maximal total dosage/day 800mcg. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Epilepsy | pediatric | Valproate | Acido Valproico | Acido valproico generics | 300mg, 500 mg | tablets | < 12 years: start 10-15mg/kg/day, maintenance dose 25(-35)mg/kg/day. 12-18 years: start with 10-15mg/kg/day, maintenance dose 20-25 (-30)mg/kg/day. | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | pediatric | Sertralin | Sertralina | Zoloft | 50mg, 100mg | tablets | 6-13 years start with 25mg/day, in one week increase to 50mg/day, after 1 week eventually increase the daily dose to 50mg, eventually increase by 50 mg per week up to max. 200mg/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Scabies | pediatric | Ivermectin | Ivermectina | Iverscab | 3mg | tablets | >15 kg single dose of 200mcg/kg body weight, eventually repeat | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months | |
| Scabies | pediatric | Permethrin | Permetrina | Scabiacid, Scabianil, Antiscabbia | XXX | crema | Spread over the entire body (except eyes and mouth), leave on for 8 hours, then wash with water and soap. Eventually repeat after 14 days. >12 years 1 tube. 6-12 years 1/2 tube, 1-6 years 1/4 tube, 2 months to 1 year hazelnutsize. | ||
| Antimycotic | pediatric | Miconazol | Miconazolo | Daktarin | 2% | cream, spray, emulsion, oral gel | For children > 2 years. Oral gel: 4x/day, cream 1-2x/day | Ripetitive prescription 10x in 6 months |
Group:
Adult / Pediatric:
Active ingredient:
Italian translation:
Italian trade name:
Dosage:
Pharmaceutical form:
Posology:
Type of prescription:
Note:
Click on the row of the drug you are interested in to view the full record.
VACCINATION CALENDAR
| Age | Vaccinations |
|---|---|
| birth | hepatitis B * |
| 3 months | diphtheria *, tetanus *, pertussis *, poliomyelitis *, hepatitis B *, haemophilus influenzae B *, pneumococcus |
| 5 months | diphtheria *, tetanus *, pertussis *, poliomyelitis *, hepatitis B *, haemophilus influenzae B *, pneumococcus |
| 6 months | flu-shot, every year |
| 11 - 13 months | diphtheria *, tetanus *, pertussis *, hepatitis B *, poliomyelitis *, haemophilus influenzae B *, pneumococcus |
| 13 months | hepatitis A, 2 shots |
| 13 - 15 months | measles *, rubella *, mumps *, chicken pox *, meningococcus C |
| 5-6 years | diphtheria *, tetanus *, pertussis *, poliomyelitis *, measles *, rubella *, mumps *, chicken pox * |
| 12 years | papillomavirus, 3 shots |
| 12-14 years | diphtheria *, tetanus *, pertussis *, menigococcus C |
| adult | diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, booster every 10 years |
Vaccinations marked with * are mandatory, those without asterisk are recommended.
DISCLAIMER: the vaccination calendar is subject to changes and updates.
TRAVEL VACCINATIONS AND PROPHYLAXIS
| Vaccine | Trade Name | Adult / Pediatric | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccine | Trade Name | Adult / Pediatric | Age | Shots for basic immunization | Protection lasts | Posology | Pregnancy | Breastfeeding | Transmission of the infection |
| Hepatitis A | AVAXIM | Adult | >15 years | 2 | 10 years | 2nd shot 6-12 (up to 36) months after 1st shot | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Can be administrated | Fecal-oral |
| Hepatitis A | HAVRIX | Adult | >16 years | 1 to 2 | several years after 1 shot, 25 years after 2 doses | 2nd shot 6-12 (up to 36) months after 1st shot | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Fecal-oral |
| Hepatitis A | VAQTA | Adult / Pediatric | > 1 year | 2 | 6 years | 2nd shot 6-12 (up to 36) months after 1st shot | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Fecal-oral |
| Hepatitis B | ENGERIX B | Adult / Pediatric | from newborn | 4 | individual | Children see vaccination calendar, adults: day 0, 7 and 21, 4 th shot 12 months after the 3rd shot. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Can be administrated | Through blood and blood products, sexually, during birth from mother to child. |
| Hepatitis A + B | TWINRIX | Adult / Pediatric | > 1 year | 4 | individual | Adults: 2nd shot 1 month after 1st shot, 3rd shot 6 months after the 1st shot, booster 12 months after the 1st shot. Fast track: day 0, 7 and 21, booster 12 months after the 1st shot. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Fecal-oral, blood and blood products, sexually, during birth from mother to child. |
| Tick-borne-encephalitis | TICOVAC, FSME-Immun | Adult / Pediatric | > 1 year | 3 (- 4 immundeficiency, >60y) | 5 years | 2nd shot 1-3 months after the 1st (fast track after 14 days), 3rd shot 5-12 months after the second. 4th shot (immundeficiency and >60 additional shot 4 weeks after the 2nd shot. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Tics |
| Meningococcus type A, C, W135, Y | MENVEO | Adult / Pediatric | > 2 months | children: 2-3 , adults 1 | lifelong | Children: at least 2 months between the shots | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Smear and droplet infection. |
| Meningococcus type B | BEXSERO | Adult / Pediatric | > 2 months | children: 2-3 , adults 2 | lifelong | 1-2 months between the shots, booster depending on exposition risk | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Smear and droplet infection. |
| Rabies | RABIPUR | Adult / Pediatric | from newborn | 3 (pre-exposition) | individual | Pre-exposition: day 0, 7, 21 (28), booster depending on measured titer. | Can be administrated. | Can be administrated. | Animals |
| Poliomyelitis | IMOVAX POLIO | Adult / Pediatric | as booster > 4 years | 4 | 10 years | Children in combination with other vaccines, see vaccination calendar. Adults booster every 10 years | Can be administrated. | Can be administrated. | Stool- and droplet infection |
| Yellow fever | STAMARIL | Adult / Pediatric | > 9 months, > 60 years only if absolutely necessary | 2 | after 1 shot 10 years, after booster lifelong | First shot 10 days before departure! Booster 10 years after 1st shot. | Contraindicated in pregnancy! | Contraindicated in breastfeeding. If a vaccination is necessary breastfeeding should be interrupted for 2 weeks. | Mosquitos |
| Japanese encephalitis | IXIARO | Adult | >18 years | 3 | 10 years | Day 0 and 28, 3rd shot latest 12 months after the first 2. | Contraindicated in pregnancy! | Contraindicated in breastfeeding. | Mosquitos |
| Typhoid fever | TYPHIM VI | Adult / Pediatric | > 2 years | 2 | 3 years | Booster every 3 years. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Fecal-oral, food, insects |
| Typhoid fever | VIVOTIF (oral) | Adult / Pediatric | > 2 years | day 1, 3 and 5 | 1-3 years | Repeat after 1 year for a new tripo or every 3 years if living in an endemic area. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Fecal-oral, food, insects |
| Cholera | DUKORAL (oral) | Adult / Pediatric | > 2 years | 2 oral doses with a distance of 1 week. | 5 years | 2 oral doses with a distance of 1 week. Booster 3 months to 5 years after basic immunization. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Depending on calculation of risks and benefits. | Fecal-oral, contaminated water and food. |
| Dengue fever | QDENGA | Adult / Pediatric | > 4 years | 2 doses | lifelong | 2 doses with a distance of 3 months, no further booster | Contraindicated in pregnancy! | Contraindicated in breastfeeding. | Mosquitos |
Vaccine:
Trade Name:
Adult / Pediatric:
Age:
Shots for basic immunization:
Protection lasts:
Posology:
Pregnancy:
Breastfeeding:
Transmission of the infection:
Click on the row of the vaccine you are interested in to view the full record.
LEGEND
Green = YES, can be administrated.
Gray = Depending on calculation of risks and benefits.
Red = NO, contraindicated in pregnancy / breastfeeding.
Dr. Silvia Kurpanik, MD
Medical Association Florence Nr. 13121
Via Antonio Cocchi, 18 – 50131 – Florence
Via 27 Aprile, 19R – 50129 Florence
Mobile: +39.331.8257330
VAT:IT06155210484
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Visit in in Florence by appointment.
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